Application of low‐frequency sonophoresis and reduction of antibiotics in the aquatic systems

Abstract

A major concern in aquaculture is the use of chemical therapeutics, such as antibiotics, because of their impact on the environment as well as on the fish product. As a potential tool for reducing antibiotic use, we tested the application of low-frequency ultrasound as a method for enhancing antibiotic uptake. Rainbow trout juveniles (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to two different concentrations of oxytetracycline (OTC), flumequine (FLU) and florfenicol (FLO), administered by bath after the application of ultrasound. After exposure, concentrations of these substances were measured in the liver and blood of treated fish. Results showed that the ultrasound treatment can significantly increase the uptake for all three antibiotics. The uptake of OTC for example, in fish exposed to an OTC concentration of 20 mg L after prior treatment with ultrasound, was similar to the OTC concentrations in their liver and blood to fish exposed to 100 mg L without sonication. For FLU and FLO, the use of ultrasound caused significant differences of uptake in the liver at high antibiotic concentrations. This suggests that the use of ultrasound as a technique to deliver antibiotics to fish can ultimately reduce the amount of antibiotics discharged into the aquatic environment.

Bath immersion pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…To the best of the authors' knowledge, serum concentrations after FF immersion treatment have been reported only in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) (Nejad, Peyghan, Varzi, & Shahriyari, 2017) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) (Cobo Labarca et al., 2017). The serum FF concentrations in both studies were very low, being only 11 ng/ml (after 5 ppm bath for 10 days in the common carp) and undetectable (after 10 ppm bath for 1 hr in the rainbow trout).…”

“…For example, the serum concentrations after OTC immersion for rainbow trout (100 ppm for 1 hr) (Cobo Labarca et al., 2017), giant danio ( Devario aequipinnatus ) (100 ppm for 6 hr) (Vorbach, Chandasana, Derendorf, & Yanong, 2019), and gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) (50 ppm for 24 hr) (Rigos, Nengas, & Alexis, 2006) were 0.050, 0.073, and 0.047 µg/ml, respectively, whereas the serum concentrations of FF in Nile tilapia after treating with similar concentrations and bathing duration were 0.22, 1.16, and 1.39 µg/ml, respectively. It should be pointed out that even the highest recommended concentration of OTC was applied (100 ppm bath) (Mashima & Lewbart, 2000; Noga, 2010; Wall & Wildgoose, 2005), the serum concentrations did not exceed 0.1 µg/ml (Cobo Labarca et al., 2017; Vorbach et al., 2019). Chelation between OTC and di‐/trivalent cations in the water may be an explanation for the low OTC uptake via the gill (Rigos & Smith, 2015).…”

Research progress of physical transdermal enhancement techniques in tumor therapy

“…Similarly, the transdermal efficiency of drugs increased with increasing duration in PTET in ultrasound in a certain time range. 65 The physical and chemical properties of drugs with small relative molecular weight and high oil-to-water partition coefficient become efficient with this assistance. 29…”

“…Similarly, the transdermal efficiency of drugs increased with increasing duration in PTET in ultrasound in a certain time range. 65 The physical and chemical properties of drugs with small relative molecular weight and high oil-to-water partition coefficient become efficient with this assistance. 29 PTET in ultrasound has the advantages of non-invasiveness, safety and effectiveness, long duration of action, low impact on the activity of drug molecules, and wide applicability of drugs.…”