Application of hard coatings in aluminium die casting — soldering, erosion and thermal fatigue behaviour

Mitterer, Christian; Holler, F.; Üstel, Fatih; Heim, Daniel

doi:10.1016/s0257-8972(99)00557-5

Cited by 186 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Their morphology depends on the composition of the cast metal and die steel, the temperature of the cast metal and the time of contact. 5,12,13) Figure 7 shows the SEM micrographs of un-treated and different surface treatments for AISI H13 tool steel after 4 h erosion test. This erosive reaction with the iron-rich surface which causing intermetallic formation, and dissolution of the steel surface into the melt.…”

Section: 11)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gradual destruction of die surfaces during the service process decrease the casting piece quality and limit the die lifetime. 5,6) Oxynitriding processes use air or steam at the end of the nitriding stage and it is an integral part of the treatment, used as an oxidizing medium. The complex oxide layer with Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 structures are formed on the surface, improving the corrosion and erosion properties of the steel.…”

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Enhancement of Erosion Resistance on AISI H13 Tool Steel by Oxynitriding Treatment

et al. 2009

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In order to effectively improve erosion resistance and evaluate the effects of an oxy layer on AISI H13 tool steel after the oxynitriding process, this study used three different nitriding surface treatments, namely oxynitriding process 1 (using air), oxynitriding process 2 (using steam) and normal gas nitride. To evaluate the effects of microstructure and the erosion resistance of AISI H13 tool steel after different nitride processes, evaluated micro hardness, erosion tests and SEM microstructure inspections were conducted. Experimental results showed that the oxide layer can protect and improve the aluminum erosion for AISI H13 tool steel. Erosion tests of 2 and 4 h for oxynitriding process 1 could produce a thicker and complex oxide layer, which has higher hardness (HV 1021.9) and optimal weight loss (0.16 %). This procedure is proven to effectively reduce the ratio of Al-Fe-Si compounds during the A380 alloy erosion test.KEY WORDS: erosion resistance; AISI H13 tool steel; oxynitriding; A380 alloy. 421© 2009 ISIJ erosion test as shown in Fig. 1(b). The specimen was then dipped in aluminum alloy A380 for melting and maintained at 1 023 K. The rotational speed of the specimen was kept at 50 rpm. The dip time was 2 and 4 h for specimens to evaluate the erosion resistance and weight loss. After removing the aluminum, the specimens were cleaned with NaOH to remove oxide or other residues. The weight loss percentage of the erosion test was calculated as follows:IW is the initial weight and AW is the weight of after erosion test. In the experiment, three different kinds of surface treatments were: 1) normal gas nitriding: at temperature of 843 K for 1 h; 2) oxynitriding process 1: gas nitriding was carried out at temperature of 843 K for 1 h, and air oxidation at 823 K for 3 h; 3) oxynitriding process 2: gas nitriding was carried out at temperature of 803 K for 1 h, and steam oxidation at 798 K for 1 h. To evaluate the effects of erosion resistance on AISI H13 tool steel by nitriding process, erosion test, surface hardness and microstructure inspections were performed. Microhardness tests were measured by HV with loading of 200 g, which complied with the CNS 2115 Z8004 standard. Results and DiscussionThe microstructure of AISI H13 tool steel substrate obtained after quenching and tempering processes is shown in Fig. 2. This is the typical microstructure obtained through commercial heat treatment, which comprises the structure of tempered martensite and proeutectoid carbides. Figure 3 shows the microhardness test of AISI H13 tool steel after gas nitriding and different oxynitriding treatments. Gas nitriding was done with ammonia, decomposition NH 3 was used to dilute the ammonia so that it was not too aggressive. Normally, pure decomposition NH 3 is used to reduce the compound layer (white layer). Both carbon content and alloying additions raise surface hardness, thereby enhancing wear resistance. The actual hardness of the compound layer is usually substantially higher. However, a better thickness of the compound l...

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Section: 11)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Erosion Resistance on AISI H13 Tool Steel by Oxynitriding Treatment

et al. 2009

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“…In addition to these studies, there are several other available studies in the literature targeting TiN coatings along with their processing techniques and analyses [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. In addition to TiN coating, different types of hard coatings developed under various employed conditions have also been published extensively [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. The basic idea discussed in those studies is related to the properties and characteristic of deposited coatings, which are subjected mainly to the change of process parameters, type of material and processing approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

Ali¹,

Hamzah²,

Toff³

2018

Preprint

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“…1,2) During hot work steel processes, the die surface is rapidly heated and then quenched, thus resulting in a decrease of surface hardness and toughness. 3,4) However, thermal gradients lead to dimensional variations, and generate stress and deformation. In aluminum die casting, tools are exposed to erosion, corrosion, and soldering; they are under frequent contact of a tool surface on the casting alloy, and are subject to oxidation due to high pouring temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In aluminum die casting, tools are exposed to erosion, corrosion, and soldering; they are under frequent contact of a tool surface on the casting alloy, and are subject to oxidation due to high pouring temperatures. 3) Therefore, the thermal fatigue and erosion are the most important life limiting tool failures known to hot work steels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Aluminum Erosion Behavior and Corrosion Resistance of AISI H13 Tool Steel by Oxidation Treatment

Chang

Tang

Huang³

2010

ISIJ Int.

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In this work, H13 tool steel was prepared with different oxidation treatments to investigate the effects of oxidation temperature and soaking time. In order to improve erosion and corrosion resistance, this study tested with oxidation temperatures of 560°C, 580°C, and 600°C, and oxidation soaking times of 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h, respectively. Experimental results showed that the oxidation treatment at 600°C and for 3 h is the optimum process. The average thickness of the oxide layer was 9.2 mm. It showed that the oxide layer (Fe 3 O 4 ) can protect and improve the aluminum erosion of H13 steel. The specimens that underwent the oxidative procedure were proven to effectively reduce the ratio of Al-Fe-Si compounds during erosion tests of A380 alloy solution. In addition, the results showed that the oxide layer can enhance polarization resistance, and quickly generate a passivation layer to increase the ability of corrosion resistance.KEY WORDS: H13 tool steel; erosion; corrosion; oxidation; A380 alloy. 569© 2010 ISIJ in order to enhance the erosion rate and weight loss. After removing the aluminum, specimens were cleaned with NaOH to remove any oxide or other residue. The weight loss percentage of erosion test is calculated as follows:Weight loss (%)ϭ(IWϪAW)/IWϫ100 IW is the initial weight, and AW is the weight after erosion test.Corrosion potential analysis adopted three electrodes method. Reference electrode was saturated with silver-silver chloride electrode, auxiliary electrode was a Platinum electrode, and working electrode was connected to the testing specimens. The contact area of specimen was 2.01 cm 2 . Meanwhile, the corrosive solvent used 3.5 wt% NaCl, and was kept at room temperature. The main parameters of corrosion testing included: scanning speed of 0.5 mV s Ϫ1, initial potential of Ϫ1.5 V, and the final potential of 0.5 V. The polarization curve was obtained by Corr-View software for analysis, and compared with different oxidation parameters of the corrosion potential (E corr ) and corrosion current (I corr ). Finally, the polarization resistances (R p ) of different oxidation treatments for AISI H13 tool steel were compared. To evaluate the improvement in erosion and corrosion resistance of AISI H13 tool steel via different oxidation processes, erosion and corrosion tests, XRD and EDS, and microstructure inspections were performed. Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of H13 tool steel after 560°C 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h of oxidation treatment. As seen, the strongest peak is the original a-Fe structure, in addition, there are two other different crystal structures, Obviously, at the same temperature and different soaking times of oxidation treatment, XRD analysis indicated that two different kinds of oxide layers were provided after oxidation treatments, which are the crystal structures of Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3 . The intensity of the original a-Fe gradually decreased as the soaking time of oxidation increased, indicating that increasing the soaking time of oxidation would reduce the proportion of the a-Fe structur...

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Application of hard coatings in aluminium die casting — soldering, erosion and thermal fatigue behaviour

Cited by 186 publications

References 28 publications

Enhancement of Erosion Resistance on AISI H13 Tool Steel by Oxynitriding Treatment

Enhancement of Erosion Resistance on AISI H13 Tool Steel by Oxynitriding Treatment

Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

Improvement of Aluminum Erosion Behavior and Corrosion Resistance of AISI H13 Tool Steel by Oxidation Treatment

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