Application of Electrochemical Aptasensors toward Clinical Diagnostics, Food, and Environmental Monitoring: Review

Abstract

Aptamers are synthetic bio-receptors of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) origin selected by the systematic evolution of ligands (SELEX) process that bind a broad range of target analytes with high affinity and specificity. So far, electrochemical biosensors have come up as a simple and sensitive method to utilize aptamers as a bio-recognition element. Numerous aptamer based sensors have been developed for clinical diagnostics, food, and environmental monitoring and several other applications are under development. Aptasensors are capable of extending the limits of current analytical techniques in clinical diagnostics, food, and environmental sample analysis. However, the potential applications of aptamer based electrochemical biosensors are unlimited; current applications are observed in the areas of food toxins, clinical biomarkers, and pesticide detection. This review attempts to enumerate the most representative examples of research progress in aptamer based electrochemical biosensing principles that have been developed in recent years. Additionally, this account will discuss various current developments on aptamer-based sensors toward heavy metal detection, for various cardiac biomarkers, antibiotics detection, and also on how the aptamers can be deployed to couple with antibody-based assays as a hybrid sensing platform. Aptamers can be used in various applications, however, this account will focus on the recent advancements made toward food, environmental, and clinical diagnostic application. This review paper compares various electrochemical aptamer based sensor detection strategies that have been applied so far and used as a state of the art. As illustrated in the literature, aptamers have been utilized extensively for environmental, cancer biomarker, biomedical application, and antibiotic detection and thus have been extensively discussed in this article.

Mixed oxide nanotubes in nanomedicine: A dead-end or a bridge to the future?

“…They examined the capacity of these sensors to differentiate between healing and poor-healing fractures steadied by minified external fixators or bone plates and discovered that frequency spectra of impedance capacities are strongly interrelated with measured quantities of bone mineral density and volume. This suggests that the combination of surface engineering by creating the MONs layer and incorporating a biosensor could lead to a new generation of implants, where the long-term perspective is that the EIS-based sensors can be developed to boost current clinical care by scrutinizing the healing progress via regular measurements at the fracture zone, and further allow early evaluation of risk for nonunion [ 355 , 362 ].…”

Recent Advances in Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

“…An electrochemical biosensor is typically composed of an electrode fixed with a molecular identification element and an electrochemically active element. The presence of the target analyte will result in changes on the surface of the electrode, which are converted to electrochemical signals (current, impedance, potential, or conductance) ( Li et al, 2019 ). Correspondingly, these biosensors can be classified into amperometric/voltammetric, impedimetric, potentiometric, and conductometric sensors ( Paniel et al, 2013 ).…”

Recent Advances in Aptamer Sensors

“…Compared to antibodies, these aptamers are characterized by numerous advantages such as a wide range of targeted molecules (inorganics, organics, cells, viruses, and bacteria, among others), facile preparation on a massive scale, low molecular weights, high temperature and pH stability, easier modification, and long-term storage stability. These advantages promote their importance and application in many fields such as biosensing, therapy, and diagnostics [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”