Application of electric field for production of immobilized biocatalysts

Electrostatic droplet generation: Mechanism of polymer droplet formation

“…In our study, with the same voltage and a slightly larger needle (22 gauge) it was shown that it is possible to achieve a bead diameter 50% smaller than that reported by Keshavarz. This difference may be partly due to a higher alginate concentration (2070, Keshavarz et al, 1992) compared to a 1.5% alginate solution used in our study. With a 26-gauge needle under the same conditions, the bead diameter in our studies decreased further, to about 170+ 100 pm, suggesting a strong influence of needle size on bead diameter.…”

“…A recent study of a similar electrostatic method for alginate bead formation (Keshavarz et al, 1992) showed that with a 23-gauge needle the minimum alginate bead size achievable varied between 600 and 1,000 pm when 5 kV was applied to the capillary tip. In our study, with the same voltage and a slightly larger needle (22 gauge) it was shown that it is possible to achieve a bead diameter 50% smaller than that reported by Keshavarz.…”

“…Electrostatic atomization and electrostatically assisted atomization have been employed in a variety of areas, including paint spraying (Balachandran and Baily, 1982), electrostatic printing (Fillimore, 1982), and cell immobilization (Keshavarz et al, 1992). The basic concept behind these applications involves electrostatic forces which work to disrupt a liquid surface to form a charged stream of fine droplets.…”

Electrohydrodynamic atomization of quasi-monodisperse drug-loaded spherical/wrinkled microparticles

“…In the past few decades, this technique has been employed in a variety of areas, for example, for fuel injection (Abramzon & Sirignano, 1989;Jones & Thong, 1971), ink-jet printing (Sweet, 1965), paint spraying, cell immobilization (Keshavarz, Ramsden, Phillips, Mussenden, & Bucke, 1992), etc. Recently its most well-known application has been in mass spectrometry (MS), where the mass of the biological or synthesized macromolecules can be analyzed accurately (Fenn, Mann, Meng, Wong, & Whitehouse, 1989).…”

Immobilization of cells by electrostatic droplet generation: a model system for potential application in medicine

“…Electrostatic droplet generation is based on the use of electrostatic forces to disrupt a liquid filament at the capillary–needle tip and form a charged stream of small droplets (Keshavartz et al 1992; Bugarski et al 1994). The process of electrostatic droplet formation is a complex function of a number of parameters such as applied electrostatic potential, needle diameter, electrode distance and geometry, polymer solution flow rate, as well as properties including surface tension, density, and viscosity (Poncelet et al 1999).…”