Abstract:There has been increasing interest in wireless, miniaturized implantable medical devices for in vivo and in situ physiological monitoring. Here, we present such an implant that uses a conventional ultrasound imager for wireless powering and data communication and acts as a probe for real-time temperature sensing, including the monitoring of body temperature and temperature changes resulting from therapeutic application of ultrasound. The sub–0.1-mm3, sub–1-nW device, referred to as a mote, achieves aggressive … Show more
“… Fig. 2 State-of-the-art fully injectable wireless microdevices: a an OWIC (Cortese et al 2020 ), b a wireless temperature sensor (Shi et al 2021 ), c a wireless glucose sensor (Mujeeb-U-Rahman et al 2019 ), d a Microbead (reprinted with permission from [X], Copyright 2019, IEEE), and e a MOTE (S. Lee et al 2020 ) …”
Section: Fully Injectable Microdevices and Injection Strategiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Shi, et al have also demonstrated a microdevice for temperature sensing (Fig. 2 (b)) (Shi et al 2021 ). This 0.1 mm 3 microdevice is manufactured in a 180 nm bulk CMOS process and is integrated with a microscale piezoelectric transducer allowing it to be powered using an ultrasound imaging probe.…”
Section: Fully Injectable Microdevices and Injection Strategiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Implantable medical devices (IMDs) encompass a wide range of applications such as neural network modulation (Barbruni et al 2020 ), brain activity recording (Liu et al 2020 ), drug delivery (Khan et al 2019 ), temperature monitoring (Shi et al 2021 ), and glucose sensing (Mujeeb-U-Rahman et al 2019 ). The demand for battery-free wirelessly powered IMDs is rapidly growing (Yang et al 2020 ; Datta-Chaudhuri 2021 ) as they have reduced encapsulation requirements and they eliminate the need for percutaneous wires that can cause infections and other complications in patients.…”
In the past three decades, we have witnessed unprecedented progress in wireless implantable medical devices that can monitor physiological parameters and interface with the nervous system. These devices are beginning to transform healthcare. To provide an even more stable, safe, effective, and distributed interface, a new class of implantable devices is being developed; injectable wireless microdevices. Thanks to recent advances in micro/nanofabrication techniques and powering/communication methodologies, some wireless implantable devices are now on the scale of dust (< 0.5 mm), enabling their full injection with minimal insertion damage. Here we review state-of-the-art fully injectable microdevices, discuss their injection techniques, and address the current challenges and opportunities for future developments.
“… Fig. 2 State-of-the-art fully injectable wireless microdevices: a an OWIC (Cortese et al 2020 ), b a wireless temperature sensor (Shi et al 2021 ), c a wireless glucose sensor (Mujeeb-U-Rahman et al 2019 ), d a Microbead (reprinted with permission from [X], Copyright 2019, IEEE), and e a MOTE (S. Lee et al 2020 ) …”
Section: Fully Injectable Microdevices and Injection Strategiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Shi, et al have also demonstrated a microdevice for temperature sensing (Fig. 2 (b)) (Shi et al 2021 ). This 0.1 mm 3 microdevice is manufactured in a 180 nm bulk CMOS process and is integrated with a microscale piezoelectric transducer allowing it to be powered using an ultrasound imaging probe.…”
Section: Fully Injectable Microdevices and Injection Strategiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Implantable medical devices (IMDs) encompass a wide range of applications such as neural network modulation (Barbruni et al 2020 ), brain activity recording (Liu et al 2020 ), drug delivery (Khan et al 2019 ), temperature monitoring (Shi et al 2021 ), and glucose sensing (Mujeeb-U-Rahman et al 2019 ). The demand for battery-free wirelessly powered IMDs is rapidly growing (Yang et al 2020 ; Datta-Chaudhuri 2021 ) as they have reduced encapsulation requirements and they eliminate the need for percutaneous wires that can cause infections and other complications in patients.…”
In the past three decades, we have witnessed unprecedented progress in wireless implantable medical devices that can monitor physiological parameters and interface with the nervous system. These devices are beginning to transform healthcare. To provide an even more stable, safe, effective, and distributed interface, a new class of implantable devices is being developed; injectable wireless microdevices. Thanks to recent advances in micro/nanofabrication techniques and powering/communication methodologies, some wireless implantable devices are now on the scale of dust (< 0.5 mm), enabling their full injection with minimal insertion damage. Here we review state-of-the-art fully injectable microdevices, discuss their injection techniques, and address the current challenges and opportunities for future developments.
“…In addition to these applications, power-free implantable prostheses for sensing biological parameters in animals or humans are also a rapidly evolving field of research towards digital medicine and in view of elderly population growth. Recently, powering and data transfer for these devices by ultrasound is being studied and presented as one of the alternatives in comparison with radiofrequency and inductive links [9][10][11].…”
This paper presents a multielement annular ring ultrasound transducer formed by individual high-frequency PMUTs (17.5 MHz in air and 8.7 MHz in liquid) intended for high-precision axial focalization and high-performance ultrasound imaging. The prototype has five independent multielement rings fabricated by a monolithic process over CMOS, allowing for a very compact and robust design. Crosstalk between rings is under 56 dB, which guarantees an efficient beam focusing on a range between 1.4 mm and 67 µm. The presented PMUT-on-CMOS annular array with an overall diameter down to 669 µm achieves an output pressure in liquid of 4.84 kPa/V/mm2 at 1.5 mm away from the array when the five channels are excited together, which is the largest reported for PMUTs. Pulse-echo experiments towards high-resolution imaging are demonstrated using the central ring as a receiver. With an equivalent diameter of 149 µm, this central ring provides high receiving sensitivity, 441.6 nV/Pa, higher than that of commercial hydrophones with equivalent size. A 1D ultrasound image using two channels is demonstrated, with maximum received signals of 7 mVpp when a nonintegrated amplifier is used, demonstrating the ultrasound imaging capabilities.
“…Fully injectable wirelessly powered devices, or microdevices, play a major role in many emerging biomedical applications including neural monitoring (Lee et al, 2020;Sigurdsson et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020), neural stimulation (Freeman et al, 2017;Khalifa et al, 2019), and temperature sensing (Cortese et al, 2020;Shi et al, 2021). Microdevices in this case should not be confused with micro/nanoparticles (Chen et al, 2018;Le et al, 2019;Kozielski et al, 2021) as the latter does not include integrated circuitry.…”
Wirelessly powered microdevices are being miniaturized to improve safety, longevity, and spatial resolution in a wide range of biomedical applications. Some wireless microdevices have reached a point where they can be injected whole into the central nervous system. However, the state-of-the-art floating microdevices have not yet been tested in chronic brain applications, and there is a growing concern that the implants might migrate through neural tissue over time. Using a 9.4T MRI scanner, we attempt to address the migration question by tracking ultra-small devices injected in different areas of the brain (cortico-subcortical) of rats over 5 months. We demonstrate that injectable microdevices smaller than 0.01 mm3 remain anchored in the brain at the targeted injection site over this time period. Based on CD68 (microglia) and GFAP (astrocytes) immunoreactivity to the microdevice, we hypothesize that glial scar formation is preventing the migration of chronically implanted microdevices in the brain over time.
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