Apolar constituents of some biologically active Dianthus species from Western Anatolia

Abstract

The apolar constituents of four Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) species were determined by GC-MS. Palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acids were detected as dominant components in all species. D. elegans d′Urv. var. elegans had the highest antioxidant activity. All four species also showed considerable antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis and C. albicans. Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) is a genus of about 300 species in the world, distributed in the Mediterranean Region and in the Middle East [1]. In Turkey, 67 species are present, especially in Western Anatolia. Some Dianthus species are used in traditional medicine in addition to agricultural purposes [2-4]. According to the literature, they have antimicrobial [2], antihepatotoxic [4], analgesic [4], diuretic [5], and dermatologic [3] importance. The chemical constituents of this genus have generally been reported as triterpenoid saponins [4, 6], hydropyranes [7], and cyclic peptides [5]. Some GC-MS and LC-MS studies have determined that this genus consists of different types of terpenes [8], essential fatty acids [9, 10], and volatile compounds [11].In this study, we have determined the fatty acid components of the hexane extracts by GC-MS and investigated the antioxidant (by the DPPH method) and antimicrobial (by microdilution assay) activities of four Dianthus species, three of which are endemic to Turkey, for the first time.In this study, the apolar constituents of four Dianthus species were investigated using GC-MS for the first time. According to our results, the hexane extract yields were between 2.62% and 4.96% based on dry weight of the plant materials (Table 1). The highest percentage was detected in D. erinaceus var. erinaceus (4.96%). The total fatty acid components of hexane extracts varied from 95.23% to 98.48% (Table 2). The remainder of these percentages consisted mainly of phytol, eicosanol, and eicosane. The unsaturated fatty acid contents were higher than saturated ones, whereas some of the fatty acids were not observed in all species. In fact, all species contained unsaturated fatty acids, with a clear predominance of linoleic (LA) and oleic acids. One of the essential fatty acids (EFAs), LA, was a major component in all species, especially in D. elegans var. elegans with a component value of 51.98%. The other important essential fatty acid was present in the ratio 20:0, which was detected only in D. erinaceus var. erinaceus at 2.07%. Oleic acid was detected at high levels in all species as another unsaturated fatty acid. The highest oleic acid content was found in D. lydus at 48.54%. Palmitoleic acid was found only in D. lydus at 4.11%. In addition to these findings, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids were found in all plants at more than 14.0% as saturated fatty acids.

Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition of the Lipophilic Fractions from Phryna ortegioides

“…96, 13.35, 9.86, 9.45, 7.68, 2.65 and 1.55% of total fatty acids, respectively. These results are in agreement with previous reports stating the fatty acid compositions of different higher plants of the same family [2][3][4].…”

“…96, 13.35, 9.86, 9.45, 7.68, 2.65 and 1.55% of total fatty acids, respectively. These results are in agreement with previous reports stating the fatty acid compositions of different higher plants of the same family [2][3][4].The total of 17 subfractions from the dichloromethane fraction was characterized by the presence of a high proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with a value of 73.01%, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), representing 17.53 and 7.46%, respectively.Linoleic and linolenic acids were determined as 17.54% of all subfractions. With regard to omega 3, subfraction 3 had the highest amount (23.20 r 0.51%).…”

GC/MS Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of The Volatile Compounds From Dianthus carmelitarum Reut. ex Boiss and Dianthus calocephalus Boiss. Grown in Turkey

“…var. zonatus were also mentioned that they mainly consist of terpenes, essential fatty acids, and volatile compounds (Durucasu et al, 2009). Comparing the present data (Table 1) with those previously reported in literature, the study of essential oils shown different chemical profiles in each Dianthus species.…”

“…Carnation flowers used as expectorant syrup. The essential oil of Dianthus L. genus were commonly used in serums, creams and massage oil and they have various biological activities such as; antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, nervine, anxiety, antidepression, analgesic, diuretic, antihepatotoxic, and dermatologic (Ibrahim, 2016;Tisserand and Young, 2014;Chevallier, 1996;Chopra et al, 1986;Durucasu et al, 2009).…”

“…Carnation flowers used as expectorant syrup. The essential oil of Dianthus L. genus were commonly used in serums, creams and massage oil and they have various biological activities such as; antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, nervine, anxiety, antidepression, analgesic, diuretic, antihepatotoxic, and dermatologic (Ibrahim, 2016;Tisserand and Young, 2014;Chevallier, 1996;Chopra et al, 1986;Durucasu et al, 2009). Previous works, about some of the Dianthus L. species; Dianthus vanensis, Dianthus aticii, Dianthus aytachii and Dianthus gokayii have been mentioned (Hamzaoğlu et al, 2015a;Erst et al, 2014;İlçim et al, 2013;Vural, 2008;Yılmaz et al, 2011;Cristea et al, 2010b).…”