Antioxidant and Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from Saussurea costus (Falc) Lispich Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Abstract

The plant Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch has many biological activities and a strong curative and preventive power against a variety of diseases including cancer, diabetes, and hemorrhoids. In the current study, phytochemical screening was carried out as well as an investigation of the antilithiatic and antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of this plant. The results showed that aqueous and ethanolic extracts were effective in reducing cystine stone mass and that the aqueous extract of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch had the highest percentage of dissolution (6.756 ± 1.024) (p < 0.05). A turbidimetric method and a crystallization test were used to evaluate the antilithiatic activity of an aqueous and ethanolic extract of this plant on calcium oxalate crystallization. The results of these methods revealed that the ethanolic extract of this plant has a significant inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate crystallization, with a percentage inhibition of (91.017 ± 0.299) (p < 0.05) for a concentration of 2 mg mL−1. The DPPH method revealed that the ethanolic extract of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch with a concentration of (IC50 = 0.12325 mg mL−1) had the highest IC50, whereas the FRAP method revealed that the aqueous extract of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch with a concentration of 300 µg mL−1 has the most significant reducing power with (OD = 0.56 ± 0.05). These findings indicate that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch had a significant effect on whewellite and weddellite and a greater free radical scavenging effect but had no effect on cystine dissolution.

Inhibitory Activity of Saussurea costus Extract against Bacteria, Candida, Herpes, and SARS-CoV-2

“…Various studies have shown that chemical compound concentrations vary depending on different factors, which include the solvent used in plant extracts, the area of plants grown, and the quantity of the plant used [ 44 ]. The active constituents of this well-known medicinal plant are mostly terpenes, with various levels of flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, and inulin, as described in earlier research [ 45 ]. Several laboratory experiments and animal model studies have indicated that Saussurea costus possesses anti-inflammatory, antitrypanosomal, and anti-malignant tumor effects, confirming its extended use in medicine [ 46 , 47 ].…”

Protective Potential of Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Roots against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Pulmonary Injury in Rats and Its In Vitro Antiviral Effect

“…The Saussurea costus plant is frequently employed in traditional therapies. It also has numerous bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antilithiatic, and antioxidant properties, and a potent ability to treat and prevent a wide range of illnesses, such as cancer, diabetes, and hemorrhoids [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Anti-Struvite, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch Asteraceae

“…Figure 1 shows the GC-MS analysis; our previous work [ 20 ] on the same extracts revealed that they were composed of the following: caryophyllene oxide, 1,3-propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro, dihydrodehydrocostus lactone, quercetin, cyclodecacyclotetradecene and dehydrocostuslactone for the ethanolic extract of S. costus ; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid,(z,z),alpha guaiene,2(3H)-benzofuranone,6-ethenythexhydroxy, Cholest-7-en-3-ol,4-methyl-,3.beta,4.alpha and cyclodecacyclotetradecene,14,15-didehydroxy for the aqueous extract of S. costus .…”

“…S. costus is an herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family native to Asia which has been used to treat various pathologies in traditional medicine [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. It contains several molecules, including quercitrin flavonoids and alkaloids ( Figure 1 ), with activities against calcium oxalate type urinary lithiasis [ 20 ]. Although it is used as a popular remedy for kidney stones [ 18 ], its efficacy and mechanism as an anti-struvite, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent are still unknown.…”