Antimicrobials use and their indications in dairy farm and individual farmer production conditions in southern India

Seasonal, physiological and bacteriological risk factors for subclinical mastitis in dairy cows maintained under different farming conditions

“…Several researchers reported a similar prevalence rate of SCM in India (Mukherjee and Dash, 2003; Patel and Tripathi, 2018; Hallolli et al ., 2020) and in other countries with similar breeds of zebu and HF crossbred cows and management conditions (Mdegela et al ., 2009; Rahman et al ., 2009). Although the machine milking-based management of HF crossbred cows in the organized farm could be one of the reasons for higher incidence of SCM in this study (Bhakat et al ., 2020), the possible immunogenetic role for lower and higher resistance of HF crossbred and Deoni cows, respectively, cannot be ruled out (Sharma et al ., 2021). A similar trend of more prevalence of SCM in crossbred cows ( Bos indicus × Zebu) than local cows in other countries supports the possible role of genetic susceptibility (Biffa et al ., 2005; Sori et al ., 2005).…”

“…We also reported earlier that lesser milk SCC in Deoni than HF crossbred cows could be due to lesser prevalence of SCM in Deoni cows (Hallolli et al ., 2020). The observed similar trend of SCM prevalence of 55–65% in HF crossbred cows maintained under organized and non-organized farming conditions supports the previous findings (Preethirani et al ., 2015) and our earlier study revealed similar trend of clinical mastitis (25 to 27%) among these animals under organized and non-organized dairy production conditions (Sharma et al ., 2021).…”

“…Mastitis is a major health problem in Indian dairy animals and across the globe. It is also a cause of public health concern due to the possibility of excess antimicrobial usage (Gelalcha et al ., 2021; Sharma et al ., 2021; Preine et al ., 2022). Amongst intramammary infections (IMI), subclinical mastitis (SCM) causes greater economic losses than clinical mastitis (CM) due to higher prevalence, difficulty in detection, reduced milk yield and quality and potential source of infection for herd mates (Sinha et al ., 2014; Krishnamoorthy et al ., 2021), and since about 25–30% of chronic SCM cases may develop into CM (Barlow et al ., 2009).…”

Rhein against Staphylococcus xylosus by interfering with respiratory metabolism and inducing oxidative stress

“…Additionally, milk from cows with mastitis contains high levels of inflammatory factors, pathogenic bacteria, and residual antibiotics, leading to a significant reduction in nutrition ( Ashraf and Imran, 2020 ; Martins et al, 2020 ). Currently, antibiotics constitute the primary strategy for treating bovine mastitis ( Sharma et al, 2021 ). It is important to note that prolonged misuse of antibiotics may result in the emergence of superbugs, posing a considerable threat to human health ( Torres et al, 2018 ).…”