Antimicrobial resistance: a major threat to public health

Hamilton, William L.; Wenlock, Rhys

doi:10.7244/cmj.2016.01.001

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Conventional treatment of mastitis using antibiotics is costly and has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) against most of the commonly used antibacterial agents [ 1 - 6 ]. Not only AMR is regarded as a serious threat to global public health and food security, but it also increases animal suffering and production losses [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: An alternative approach for antibacterial therapy of mastitis in sheep

Alekish¹,

Ismail²,

Albiss³

et al. 2018

Vet World

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Aim:The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and its possible alternative use for the treatment for mastitis in sheep and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ZnO-NPs against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains isolated from subclinical mastitis cases in sheep.Materials and Methods:A total of 50 pooled milk samples were collected from ewes with subclinical mastitis. Milk samples were cultured using standard laboratory techniques, and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The MIC and MBC of ZnO-NPs were determined against isolated multidrug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli strains using microwell dilution method.Results:A total of 43 different bacterial isolates were recovered from milk samples of ewes affected with subclinical mastitis. Isolated strains of S. aureus and E. coli were found resistant to three or more common antibacterial agents and were used to determine the MIC and MBC of ZnO-NPs. The MIC and MBC values of ZnO-NPs were significantly lower for S. aureus than that for E. coli. The MIC and MBC of ZnO-NPs against S. aureus were 3.9 µg/ml and 7.81 µg/ml, respectively, while for E. coli, the MIC and MBC of ZnO-NPs were 31.25 µg/ml and 62.5 µg/ml, respectively.Conclusion:Results of this study indicate the potential antibacterial effects of ZnO-NPs against multidrug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli isolated from ovine subclinical mastitis at concentrations of 3.9 µg/ml and 31.25 µg/ml, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: An alternative approach for antibacterial therapy of mastitis in sheep

Alekish¹,

Ismail²,

Albiss³

et al. 2018

Vet World

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“…The problem of MDR is a major public health concern due to its global dimension and alarming magnitude, although the epidemiology of resistance can exhibit a remarkable geographical variability and a rapid temporal evolution [ 2 ]. The rapid emergence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) made a serious impact on the treatment and therapeutic strategy of clinical infections [ 3 ] mainly caused by the enteric bacteria, namely Escherichia coli , Salmonella spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing multidrug resistance Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella pneumoniae in pig population of Assam and Meghalaya, India

Lalruatdiki¹,

Dutta²,

Roychoudhury³

et al. 2018

Vet World

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Aim:The present study was conducted to record the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae from pig population of Assam and Meghalaya and to record the ability of the resistant bacteria to transfer the resistance genes horizontally.Materials and Methods:Fecal samples (n=228), collected from pigs of Assam (n=99) and Meghalaya (n=129), were processed for isolation and identification of E. coli and Salmonella spp. All the isolates were tested for ESBLs production by double disc synergy test (DDST) followed by screening for ESBLs producing genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaCMY) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Possible transfer of resistance encoding genes between enteric bacterial species was carried out by in vitro and in vivo horizontal gene transfer (HGT) method.Results:A total of 897 enteric bacteria (867 E. coli and 30 Salmonella) were isolated and identified. Altogether 25.41% isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers by DDST method. Majority of the isolates were E. coli followed by Salmonella. By PCR, 9.03% isolates were found positive for at least one of the target resistance genes. blaSHV was absent in all the isolates. blaCMY was the most prevalent gene. All the E. coli isolates from Assam were negative for blaTEM. A total of 2.76% isolates were positive for blaTEM + blaCMY. On the other hand, 0.67% isolates were positive for blaCTX-M + blaCMY genes. Only 0.33% isolates carried all the three genes. Altogether, 4.68% bacteria carried the resistance encoding genes in their plasmids. blaTEM gene could be successfully transferred from Salmonella (donor) to E. coli (recipient) by in vitro (5.5-5.7×10−5) and in vivo (6.5×10−5 to 8.8×10−4) methods. In vivo method was more effective than in vitro in the transfer of resistance genes.Conclusion:The pig population of Assam and Meghalaya are carrying multidrug resistance and ESBLs producing E. coli and Salmonella. The isolates are also capable to transfer their resistance trait to other bacterial species by HGT. The present finding could be considered as a serious public health concern as similar trait can also be transmitted to the human commensal bacteria as well as pathogens.

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“…Nonetheless, antibiotic resistance is on the increase as a result of widespread use, rendering previously treatable pathogens untreatable. In the case of other infectious agents, globalization has aided the spread of (resistant) strains [36] [37]. The antimicrobial study on aqua alcoholic extract of the herbal mixture demonstrated the zone of inhibition value of the herbal mixture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, Thrombolytic, Anti Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activity of Curcuma longa Linn, Cissus quadrangularis and Boerhaavia diffusa Herbal Mixture - An In vitro Study

Yasothkumar

Ramasubramanian

Ramani

et al. 2021

JPRI

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Background and Aim: Plants play an important role in drug research, and the pharmaceutical industry is heavily reliant on natural products for new drug development. Curcumin, a natural compound contained in the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa Linn., has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in scientific studies. Cissus quadrangularis L. is a fleshy plant that can be found all over the world, especially in Asia, Africa, and a few other warm tropical areas. Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) is present in the tropical regions of India, South America, and Africa. B. diffusa roots are commonly used in Ayurveda to treat various ailments. The aim of the study is to assess the cytotoxic, antioxidant and thrombolytic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial properties of the aqua-alcoholic extract of the herbal mixture (Curcuma longa Linn +Cissus quadrangularis +Boerhaavia diffusa ) Methods: Aqua-alcoholic extract of mixture of Curcuma longa Linn, Cissus quadrangularis and Boerhaavia diffusa was prepared. Phytochemical in-vitro studies were done using the CCB mixture cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality assay, antioxidant activity by DPPH assay, anti inflammatory activity by albumin denaturation assay, antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans by agar well diffusion method, thrombolytic activity by clot lysis assay. Results: The CCB mixture showed good cytotoxic activity at varying concentration in brine shrimp lethality assay, increasing antioxidant activity with DPPH assay, increasing thrombolytic activity, increasing anti inflammatory activity with increasing concentration, the anti microbial activity was not efficient as positive controls. Conclusion: In this in-vitro study the CCB mixture shows improved cytotoxic, antioxidant, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Further studies on invivo animal and human clinical trials needs to be done.

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Antimicrobial resistance: a major threat to public health

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

In vitro antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: An alternative approach for antibacterial therapy of mastitis in sheep

In vitro antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: An alternative approach for antibacterial therapy of mastitis in sheep

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing multidrug resistance Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella pneumoniae in pig population of Assam and Meghalaya, India

Assessment of Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, Thrombolytic, Anti Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activity of Curcuma longa Linn, Cissus quadrangularis and Boerhaavia diffusa Herbal Mixture - An In vitro Study

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