Antimicrobial Flavonoids from Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. and Artocarpus lowii King

Abstract

Antimicrobial activities of flavonoids isolated from the leaves and heartwoods of Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. and Artocarpus lowii King were evaluated. Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida) and fungi (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) were used in this study. Disc diffusion method was used as the qualitative assay while minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum microbicidal concentration methods were used as the quantitative assays. Artocarpin (8) showed strong antimicrobial activity towards all bacteria with inhibition zone diameter more than 11 mm and minimum microbicidal concentration value of 0.45 mg/mL. Isobavachalcone (3) exhibited strong antibacterial activity towards Gram positive bacteria with minimum microbicidal concentration value of 0.45 mg/mL. The findings of this study revealed that the isolated flavonoids from A. anisophyllus and A. lowii have potential to be developed as antimicrobial agents.

Antibacterial activity of flavonoids and their structure–activity relationship: An update review

“…cereus , E . coli , and Pseudomonas putida (Jamil, ). Baicalein is an effective bactericide and when combined with cefotaxime, the synergistic effects were observed (Cai et al, ).…”

“…Another proposed mechanism is inhibition of bacterial enzymes (such as tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase) that was mediated by artocarpin (23) extracted from leaves of Artocarpus anisophyllus against B. cereus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas putida (Jamil, 2014). Baicalein is an effective bactericide and when combined with cefotaxime, the synergistic effects were observed (Cai et al, 2016).…”

The Interactions between Polyphenols and Microorganisms, Especially Gut Microbiota

“…The lack of hydroxyl group or its replacement by a halogen atom (–Cl, –Br), nitro group (–NO 2 ), ethoxy group (–O–CH 2 CH 3 ), or aliphatic groups (–CH 2 CH 3 ), (–CH 3 ) led to inactivation of the compounds. Prenylated flavonoids, such as artocarpin (62) and isobavachalcone (148) , exhibited strong antibacterial activity towards B. cereus , E. coli , and Pseudomonas putida or only Gram-positive species, respectively [ 212 ]. It has been demonstrated that any isoflavonoid modification that results in the absence or cyclization of the prenyl group decreases the antibacterial activity of the compound.…”

Flavonoids from the Genus Euphorbia: Isolation, Structure, Pharmacological Activities and Structure–Activity Relationships

“…For instance, licoflavone C isolated from Retama raetam flowers was found to be active against E. coli via formation of complexes with extracellular and soluble proteins with MIC value of 7.81 μg/mL [ 134 ]. Other postulated mechanisms include inhibition of bacterial enzymes (such as tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase) [ 135 ], inhibition of bacterial efflux pump and rise in the susceptibility of existing antibiotics [ 136 ], change in cytoplasmic membrane function, nucleic acid synthesis inhibition, decrease in cell attachment, inhibition of energy metabolism, formation of biofilm, changing in membrane permeability, attenuation of the pathogenicity [ 137 , 138 ], damage of the cytoplasmic membrane [ 137 , 138 ], inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (for instance, the inhibition of DNA gyrase from E. coli by quercetin ( 55 ), and apigenin ( 21 ) [ 139 ]) among others, as summarized in Figure 4 . It was further established that the combination of apigenin and ceftazidime damages the cytoplasmic membrane of ceftazidime-resistant enterobacter cloacae, leading to subsequent leakage of intracellular components [ 140 ].…”