This review presents the comprehensive knowledge about the bidirectional relationship between polyphenols and the gut microbiome. The first part is related to polyphenols’ impacts on various microorganisms, especially bacteria, and their influence on intestinal pathogens. The research data on the mechanisms of polyphenol action were collected together and organized. The impact of various polyphenols groups on intestinal bacteria both on the whole “microbiota” and on particular species, including probiotics, are presented. Moreover, the impact of polyphenols present in food (bound to the matrix) was compared with the purified polyphenols (such as in dietary supplements) as well as polyphenols in the form of derivatives (such as glycosides) with those in the form of aglycones. The second part of the paper discusses in detail the mechanisms (pathways) and the role of bacterial biotransformation of the most important groups of polyphenols, including the production of bioactive metabolites with a significant impact on the human organism (both positive and negative).
The yeast microbiota occurring on different varieties of grapes grown in cool-climate is not completely researched. Therefore, its identification is important to research. On the other hand, yeasts occurring in these fruits can be potentially used as starter cultures to obtain particularly demanded features in the production of wine. In addition, rapid methods for yeast identification allow to eliminate the contamination with pathogenic yeasts, which could cause the loss of wine production. The aim of the study was to isolate and identify the yeasts occurring on the surface of the different varieties of white and red grapes, grown in cool-climate of Poland. Also, the aim was to compare the qualitative and quantitative composition of yeasts on the tested grapes. The 84 cultures of yeasts were isolated, that were initially macroscopic and microscopic analyzed and the purity of cultures was rated on the WL medium. Identification of yeasts by PCR-RAPD was carried using the M13 primer. In the PCR-RFLP method ITS1 and ITS4 primers, as well as restriction enzymes HhaI, HinfI, HaeIII, were used. Preliminary identification of yeasts by standard methods produced results very different from the results obtained by molecular methods. Among the isolated microorganisms yeasts were dominating, but bacteria and molds were also present. Using the PCR-RAPD method most strains of yeasts were identified. Yeast microflora of different varieties of white and red grapes was very similar as the same species of yeasts were identified. Yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces were present in all varieties of grapes. The Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Rhodotorula minuta, Pichia kluyveri, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were identified by PCR-RAPD. 4 of the 33 tested strains of yeasts were identified by PCR-RFLP. By PCR-RAPD only Hanseniaspora uvarum was identified. The quantity and quality of microorganisms living on the surface of grape fruits is very important for the process of winemaking. Yeasts influence the course of alcoholic fermentation, the flavor, aroma, and thus the quality of the produced wine. To a large extent their presence depends on the condition of the surface of the fruit. Many researchers reported significant differences between yeast microflora in grapes of Mediterranean and cool-climate vineyards. As they are expected to affect the final wine properties precise researching of the microflora of cool-climate grapes may lead to the isolation of new species of yeasts and thus the wines with unique characteristics can be obtained.
IWONA DROŻDŻ, MAGDALENA SŁOWIK, PAWEŁ SROKA, MAŁGORZATA MAKAREWICZ WPŁYW OENOCOCCUS OENI NA PARAMETRY ENOLOGICZNE POLSKICH WIN GRONOWYCHS t r e s z c z e n i e Celem pracy było określenie parametrów enologicznych win odkwaszanych mikrobiologicznie. Przedmiotem badań były młode wina czerwone Marechal Foch i Frontenac oraz białe Seyval Blanc odkwaszane przy użyciu kultury starterowej Viniflora Oenos (Oenococcus oeni). Przed odkwaszaniem i po nim wykonano analizę zawartości alkoholu, kwasowości ogólnej, lotnej, polifenoli oraz oznaczono aktywność przeciwutleniającą i profil związków lotnych. Nie powiodła się próba zniwelowania nadmiernej kwasowości wina Frontenac. Stosowany do odkwaszania O. oeni spowodował zmniejszenie kwasowości ogólnej wina Marechal Foch o 28 %, a wina Seyval Blanc -o 12 %. Wykazano wzrost kwasowości lotnej we wszystkich badanych winach (w Marechal Foch o 69 %, we Frontenac o 20 % i w Seyval Blanc o 95 %). Stwierdzono wzrost aktywności przeciwutleniającej we wszystkich badanych winach i polifenoli ogółem w winach czerwonych po fermentacji jabłkowo-mlekowej. O. oeni spowodował wzrost zawartości octanu etylu oraz zmniejszenie octanu izobutylu i heksanianu etylu we wszystkich badanych winach. W badaniach wykazano ograniczoną przydatność szczepionki do odkwaszania win klimatu umiarkowanego o wysokiej kwasowości ogólnej i dużej zawartości alkoholu. Słowa kluczowe: fermentacja jabłkowo-mlekowa (MLF), Oenococcus oeni, wino, odkwaszanie, polifenole WprowadzenieUważa się, że polskie wina gronowe mają mało wykwintny, zbyt ostry i kwaśny smak. Wynika to z niesprzyjających warunków uprawy winorośli, dzięki czemu polskie wina określa się winami klimatu chłodnego.W celu zmniejszenia kwasowości win stosuje się kupażowanie względnie chemiczne lub biologiczne odkwaszanie. Proces mikrobiologicznego odkwaszania może zachodzić w winach po zakończeniu fermentacji etanolowej, pod wpływem bakterii Dr I. Drożdż, mgr inż. M. Słowik, dr P. Sroka, dr M. Makarewicz, Katedra Technologii Fermentacji i Mikrobiologii Technicznej, Wydz. Technologii Żywności, Uniwersytet Rolniczy w Krakowie, ul. Balicka 122. Kontakt: idrozdz@ur.krakow.pl 166Iwona Drożdż, Magdalena Słowik, Paweł Sroka, Małgorzata Makarewicz fermentacji mlekowej (LAB -lactic acid bacteria) i nosi nazwę fermentacji jabłkowo-mlekowej (MLF -malolactic fermentation). Podczas MLF następuje przekształcenie mocno zdysocjowanego kwasu L-jabłkowego do słabo zdysocjowanego kwasu L-mlekowego trzema różnymi sposobami enzymatycznymi [21]. Przemiana powoduje redukcję kwasowości wina. Biologiczne odkwaszanie wpływa ponadto na cechy aromatyczno-smakowe wina oraz jego mikrobiologiczną stabilizację.Bakterie kwasu mlekowego w winie pochodzą z powierzchni owoców lub są dodawane w postaci kultur starterowych [4,35]. MLF przeprowadzana jest przez bakterie należące do rodzajów: Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus i Pediococcus. Bakteriami odkwaszającymi najczęściej izolowanymi z win są gatunki: Oenococcus oeni, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus hilgardii i Lactobacillus pla...
The aim of this study was to identify various bacteria isolated from grapes and their wines. Additionally we investigated the capacity of lactic acid bacteria for microbiological deacidification of wines produced in Poland. We have identified Oenococcus oeni, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii. During the microbial deacidification process, we observed decreases of total acidity and increases of volatile acidity, with statistically significant changes noted for O. oeni in Marechal Foch and Seyval Blanc, and for Lb. acidophilus in Frontenac. On the other hand, a statistically significant increase in pH was observed in Marechal Foch and Seyval Blanc following deacidification by O. oeni.
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