Antimalarial Activity of Flavonoid Compound Isolated from Leaves of Artocarpus altilis

Abstract

Artocarpus altilis, which in Indonesia has a local name "sukun" referred to as breadfruit, is a tropical plant. The breadfruit tree produces fruit from March to September. The synonyms of A. altilis are A. communis, and A. incises. 5,6 An ethanol extract of A.altilis leaves actively inhibited the growth of P. falciparum in vitro with IC 50 values 1.32 μg/ml, and was highly active against P. berghei in vivo with ED 50 values 0.82 mg/kg body weight. While stem bark extract from A. altilis showed a very good in vivo activity against P. berghei, and weak in vitro activity against P. falciparum. 7 The previous study showed that another species of genus Artocarpus reported that prenylflavonoid compounds isolated from A. champeden stem bark extract. A. champeden stem bark extract contains artocarpones A, artocarpone B, artoindonesianin E, heteroflavanone C, artoindonesianin R, heterophyllin, artoindonesianin A-2, cycloheterophyllin, and artonin. Heteroflavanone C had the most active inhibition against P. falciparum with IC 50 values 1 nmol/L. 8 A prenylated chalcone, isolated from A. champeden stem bark extract, namely morachalcone A, was identified as a antimalarial active marker compound. 9 Leaves and stembark extract from another species, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Artocarpus camansi, also has been reported to have good antimalarial activity against P. falciparum and P. berghei. 7,8

High Antiplasmodial Activity of Golden Gamat (S.hermanni) Extract Through In Vitro Study

“…Through phytochemical assay on this research, the antimalarial action of S. hermanni extract was linked to different active compounds, including flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and alkaloids. Flavonoids have been found to have antimalarial effects via reducing hemoglobin breakdown by blocking the action of the cysteine protease enzyme falcipain-2 [3]. The saponins also have an antimalarial impact by damaging the cell membranes of infected erythrocytes, causing erythrocyte cells to lyse [23], [24].…”

“…Then we put the culture inside a modified candle jar and incubated it at 37 °C. [3], [13], [14]. A thin blood smear stained with Giemsa is evaluated to confirm P. falciparum growth.…”

“…The extract (10 mg) and chloroquine were diluted in 1000 ul of DMSO (to form a 10,000 ug/ml). From the stock solution, serial dilutions were made, providing a homogeneous solution of 0.01; 0.1;1; 10; 100 micrograms per milliliter [3]. Each microwell (well 96) received 2 ul of extract solution (for G3 groups) and chloroquine (for G2 groups) at varying doses (dosage gradation 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10; and 100 micrograms per milliliter), followed by 198 l of parasite cell suspension (we made each concentration in duplicate).…”

“…We checked parasite cell cultures for thin blood smears to indicate parasitemia before being injected into the microwell (parasitemia levels at -0 hours). Following culture harvesting, a thin blood film was produced using 10% Giemsa staining [3], [15]. The data was analyzed using light microscopy, and we calculated the number of infected red blood cells per one thousand red blood cells [16] (data on parasitemia levels after treatment/data at -48 hours).…”

“…In 2018, the global death rate was 405 thousand fatalities [2]. Antimalarial drug resistance has led to an increase in malaria mortality rates over the past 20 years [3]. One potential source of new antimalarial drugs is compounds derived from marine biota.…”