Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 decline, but do not disappear for several months

Yamayoshi, Seiya; Yasuhara, Atsuhiro; Ito, Mutsumi; Akasaka, Osamu; Nakamura, Morio; Nakachi, Ichiro; Koga, Michiko; Mitamura, Keiko; Yagi, Kazuma; Maeda, Kenji; Kato, Hideaki; Nojima, Masanori; Pattinson, David; Ogura, Takayuki; Baba, Rie; Fujita, Koichi; Nagai, Hirokazu; Yamamoto, Shinya; Saito, Makoto; Adachi, Eisuke; Ochi, Junichi; Hattori, Shin; Suzuki, T.; Miyazato, Yusuke; Chiba, Shiho; Okuda, Moe; Murakami, Jurika; Hamabata, Taiki; Iwatsuki‐Horimoto, Kiyoko; Nakajima, Hitoshi; Mitsuya, Hiroaki; Omagari, Norio; Sugaya, Norio; Yotsuyanagi, Hiroshi; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro

doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100734

Cited by 145 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Our study showed significantly higher anti-N and anti-RBD/S1 levels when there was a more severe infection, a higher number of clinical symptoms, and fever. This association with disease severity has previously been reported (den Hartog et al, 2021;L'Huillier et al, 2021;Yamayoshi et al, 2021). However, we were not able to confirm the correlation between disease severity and the decrease in antibody levels over time reported by Yamayoshi et al (2021).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…This association with disease severity has previously been reported (den Hartog et al, 2021;L'Huillier et al, 2021;Yamayoshi et al, 2021). However, we were not able to confirm the correlation between disease severity and the decrease in antibody levels over time reported by Yamayoshi et al (2021). Instead, our data indicate stable antibody levels and long-lasting immunity, irrespective of the disease severity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

“…To date, few studies have longitudinally examined anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels following convalescence from COVID-19 (Beaudoin-Bussieres et al, 2020;Crawford et al, 2020;den Hartog et al, 2021;Figueiredo-Campos et al, 2020;Gudbjartsson et al, 2020;Ibarrondo et al, 2020;Isho et al, 2020;L'Huillier et al, 2021;Lumley et al, 2021;Roltgen et al, 2020;Sasisekharan et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2020;Wheatley et al, 2021;Wu et al, 2020;Yamayoshi et al, 2021;Yao et al, 2020), and reports have yielded contradictory data concerning the longevity of the antibody response. Waning levels of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 within several weeks have been reported, including anti-N, anti-S2 (Cterminal subunit of the spike protein), anti-S1 (N-terminal subunit of the spike protein), anti-RBD1 (receptor binding domain), and neutralizing antibodies (Beaudoin-Bussieres et al, 2020;Ibarrondo et al, 2020;Roltgen et al, 2020;Wheatley et al, 2021), with a more rapid decay of anti-N IgG levels compared to anti-S (Wheatley et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and clinical features following convalescence from a COVID-19 infection

Gerhards

Thiaucourt

Kittel

et al. 2021

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Introduction Longevity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody level and duration of immunity are current topics of major scientific interest. Antibody kinetics during the acute phase are well-studied, whereas long-term kinetics are yet to be determined and available studies are controversial. Here, results of longitudinal analysis of serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection after convalescent and its association with post-COVID syndrome (PCS) are reported. Material and Methods 237 serum samples were prospectively collected from 61 SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR-confirmed participants. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-N and anti-RBD/S1 Ig level were serially determined until 8 months after study inclusion. COVID-19 associated symptoms were assessed by a standardized questionnaire at study entry and after 6 months. Results Antibodies were detectable for 56/61 participants. Within the follow-up period, no substantial decline in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 pan-Ig levels were observed. In general, antibody levels were positively correlated with disease severity, BMI, fever, and nonsmoker status. 46.8% of the participants suffered from PCS, with olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions reported most frequently. Conclusion Study result point to stable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and thus may indicate a long-lasting immunity. These results are in line with recently published data, and add further insights concerning asymptomatic to mild affected patients, the association with clinical features and the frequency of PCS.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and clinical features following convalescence from a COVID-19 infection

Gerhards

Thiaucourt

Kittel

et al. 2021

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…Several studies have demonstrated decreasing antibody levels in COVID-19 patients over time, leading to concerns for waning immunity. [45][46][47] However, for a more comprehensive picture of the longevity of immunity, memory B cell and T cell responses should be studied in parallel, as these cells would be important players in providing protection upon re-exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we followed 17 patients for 5 months and 13 of those patients for 9 months after symptom onset, in order to assess antibody dynamics over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Longevity of immunological memory following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is a question of particular relevance for informing public health policies and predicting the future course of the pandemic. Several studies have demonstrated decreasing antibody levels in COVID‐19 patients over time, leading to concerns for waning immunity 45–47 . However, for a more comprehensive picture of the longevity of immunity, memory B cell and T cell responses should be studied in parallel, as these cells would be important players in providing protection upon re‐exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific humoral and cellular immunity persists through 9 months irrespective of COVID‐19 severity at hospitalisation

et al. 2021

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Intrinsic factors behind long COVID: III. Persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its components

El‐Baky,

Amara,

Uversky

et al. 2023

J of Cellular Biochemistry

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Considerable research has been done in investigating SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, its characteristics, and host immune response. However, debate is still ongoing over the emergence of post‐acute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (PASC). A multitude of long‐lasting symptoms have been reported several weeks after the primary acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection that resemble several other viral infections. Thousands of research articles have described various post‐COVID‐19 conditions. Yet, the evidence around these ongoing health problems, the reasons behind them, and their molecular underpinnings are scarce. These persistent symptoms are also known as long COVID‐19. The persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and/or its components in host tissues can lead to long COVID. For example, the presence of viral nucleocapsid protein and RNA was detected in the skin, appendix, and breast tissues of some long COVID patients. The persistence of viral RNA was reported in multiple anatomic sites, including non‐respiratory tissues such as the adrenal gland, ocular tissue, small intestine, lymph nodes, myocardium, and sciatic nerve. Distinctive viral spike sequence variants were also found in non‐respiratory tissues. Interestingly, prolonged detection of viral subgenomic RNA was observed across all tissues, sometimes in multiple tissues of the same patient, which likely reflects recent but defective viral replication. Moreover, the persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was noticed throughout the brain at autopsy, as late as 230 days following symptom onset among unvaccinated patients who died of severe infection. Here, we review the persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its components as an intrinsic factor behind long COVID. We also highlight the immunological consequences of this viral persistence.

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Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 decline, but do not disappear for several months

Abstract: Interpretation: Although the number of patients is limited, our results show that the antibody response against the first SARS-CoV-2 infection in symptomatic patients is typical of that observed in an acute viral infection.

Cited by 145 publications

References 49 publications

Longitudinal assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and clinical features following convalescence from a COVID-19 infection

Longitudinal assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and clinical features following convalescence from a COVID-19 infection

SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific humoral and cellular immunity persists through 9 months irrespective of COVID‐19 severity at hospitalisation

Intrinsic factors behind long COVID: III. Persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its components

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