2021
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1306
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SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific humoral and cellular immunity persists through 9 months irrespective of COVID‐19 severity at hospitalisation

Abstract: See the Acknowledgments section for all the members of The Karolinska COVID-19 Study Group.

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Cited by 37 publications
(32 citation statements)
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“…This has also been observed in our results which suggest that the descent of anti-N IgG levels is more pronounced in comparison to the course of anti-S IgG. Additionally, Sandberg et al present similar findings as they conclude that anti-S antibody levels appear to be more stable than those for anti-N ( 9 ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 90%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…This has also been observed in our results which suggest that the descent of anti-N IgG levels is more pronounced in comparison to the course of anti-S IgG. Additionally, Sandberg et al present similar findings as they conclude that anti-S antibody levels appear to be more stable than those for anti-N ( 9 ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 90%
“…Our results reveal that in most cases, SARS-CoV-2 S-specific IgG levels remained stable over time and SARS-CoV-2 NCP-specific IgG levels decreased to a stable level within 6–12 months after symptom onset, while their range continuously diminished. Recent studies show that SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels after an infection were detectable in the majority of donors over a period of up to 1 year, even though the rate of recession varied ( 9 , 11 , 12 , 26 , 27 ). This supports our findings from the long-term analysis.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In line with our findings, previous studies also reported retained SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and antibody responses in prior-infected individuals up to nine months PSO. 36 , 37 , 38 Interestingly, we found that S1-specific T cell responses were not associated with anti-RBD IgG responses, indicating heterogeneity in the durability of humoral and cellular SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Moreover, a previous study showed discordancy between S1 IgG and T cell responses in prior SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, in which S1 IgG levels increased with age in females while T cell responses increased with age in males.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 72%
“…Thus far, no differences have been observed in serum anti-spike antibody titers, in vitro serum neutralizing activity, or percentages of spike-specific memory B cells between non-severe and severe COVID-19 patients in the months after infection [ 18 ]. It remains to be determined whether the durability of B cell memory differs between individuals who experienced non-severe or severe disease.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In conclusion, we have shown that the memory B cell response against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein develops differently in patients with non-severe disease compared those with severe disease, with more spike-specific B cells that express a B-cell marker profile associated with durable immunity, characterized by expression of T-bet and FcRL5 in individuals who recovered from non-severe COVID-19. Although antibody titers or percentage of spike-specific memory B cells up to one year are similar or higher in individuals who recovered from severe disease as compared to non-severe cases [ 8 , 18 ], the increased percentage of B cells associated with long-lived immunity in non-severe COVID-19 patients may have consequences for long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2 re-infection or severity of the resulting disease. T-bet + spike-specific B cells nearly disappeared from the circulation five months post-symptom onset, consistent with loss of these cells from the periphery or migration into tissues.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%