2021
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.770381
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Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

Abstract: Since its declaration as a pandemic in March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 217 million people worldwide and despite mild disease in the majority of the cases, more than 4.5 million cases of COVID-19-associated death have been reported as of September 2021. The question whether recovery from COVID-19 results in prevention of reinfection can be answered with a “no” since cases of reinfections have been reported. The more important question is whether during SARS-CoV-2 infection, a protective immunity i… Show more

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Cited by 16 publications
(17 citation statements)
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References 59 publications
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“…Along these lines, CD8 + effector/memory type 1 cells (CD38 + HLA-DR + ) have been shown to contain Spike-responsive T cells ( 18 , 19 ) and our results also demonstrate a strong decrease of this cell pool following late convalescence, implying the contraction of Spike-specific T cells from circulation. Similar kinetics for Spike-reactive T cells have been described in recent reports ( 33 35 ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 87%
“…Along these lines, CD8 + effector/memory type 1 cells (CD38 + HLA-DR + ) have been shown to contain Spike-responsive T cells ( 18 , 19 ) and our results also demonstrate a strong decrease of this cell pool following late convalescence, implying the contraction of Spike-specific T cells from circulation. Similar kinetics for Spike-reactive T cells have been described in recent reports ( 33 35 ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 87%
“…All donors had initially been infected early in 2020 and have been vaccinated meanwhile. In accordance with previous reports, frequencies of T cells against M and N proteins slightly decreased throughout the time of convalescence, yet remained detectable ( Gussarow et al, 2021 ). In contrast, T cell frequencies against PepTivator SARS-CoV-2 Select remained stable, suggesting an increased fraction of T cells against the S protein after vaccination.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 93%
“…Throughout recovery and convalescence, significant numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells reactive against Spike (S), Nucleocapsid (N), and Membrane (M) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are detectable ( Peng et al, 2020 ; Bonifacius et al, 2021 ). Particularly in convalescent individuals recovering from mild or even asymptomatic disease, a robust, broad and highly functional T cell response can be detected suggesting effective protection from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection ( Bonifacius et al, 2021 ; Gussarow et al, 2021 ; Le Bert et al, 2021 ; Marcotte et al, 2022 ). In contrast to neutralizing antibodies, antiviral T cells developed during SARS-CoV-2 infection with wild type or earlier VOCs, were shown to efficiently recognize antigens from Omicron variant ( Gao et al, 2022 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Vaccination mainly induced CD4 T cells, in contrast to SARS CoV-2 infection, which could explain its potency of raising antibody responses possibly through activated CD4 T helper cells (49). T cell responses towards M and S proteins were found previously (50,51), but we extended this observation to O patients. In general, M protein was found to be a potent target for CD8 T cell responses even when compared to the S protein.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 74%