“…These active ingredients serve as antioxidant, wound healer, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, antifungal, and immunomodulator [18,19,20,21]. In addition, research by Gifardi et al [13] demonstrated that the nhexane extract of porcupine quills exhibits potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. When compared to the commercial products tested in this study, which contain antibiotic ingredients, the antibiotic function of porcupine quill extract is able to suppress bacterial growth in the wound area.…”