Antibacterial Activity of Long Chain Fatty Acids and the Reversal with Calcium, Magnesium, Ergocalciferol and Cholesterol

Galbraith, H.; Miller, T. B.; Paton, Alan; Thompson, J. K.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1971.tb01019.x

Cited by 307 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…It has been demonstrated that lipids have a negative effect on bacterial growth. This action is more pronounced with PUFA than with SFA and is especially marked on cellulolytic strains (Galbraith et al, 1971). Another effect of fat supplementation is the decrease in the protozoal population, which contributes to cellulolysis (Doreau and Ferlay, 1995).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal performance and meat characteristics in steers reared in intensive conditions fed with different vegetable oils

Castro

Cabezas

Fuente

et al. 2016

Animal

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Enhancing the quality of beef meat is an important goal in terms of improving both the nutritional value for the consumer and the commercial value for producers. The aim of this work was to study the effects of different vegetable oil supplements on growth performance, carcass quality and meat quality in beef steers reared under intensive conditions. A total of 240 Blonde D' Aquitaine steers (average BW = 293.7 ± 38.88 kg) were grouped into 24 batches (10 steers/batch) and were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments (eight batches per treatment), each supplemented with either 4% hydrogenated palm oil (PALM) or fatty acids (FAs) from olive oil (OLI) or soybean oil (SOY). No differences in growth performance or carcass quality were observed. For the meat quality analysis, a steer was randomly selected from each batch and the 6th rib on the left half of the carcass was dissected. PALM meat had the highest percentage of 16:0 ( P < 0.05) and the lowest n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio ( P < 0.05), OLI had the highest content of t 11-18:1 ( P < 0.01) and c 9,t 11-18:2 ( P < 0.05) and SOY showed the lowest value of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) ( P < 0.001), the highest percentage of PUFA ( P < 0.01) and a lower index of atherogenicity ( P = 0.07) than PALM. No significant differences in the sensory characteristics of the meat were noted. However, the results of the principal component analysis of meat characteristics enabled meat from those steers that consumed fatty acids from olive oil to be differentiated from that of steers that consumed soybean oil.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal performance and meat characteristics in steers reared in intensive conditions fed with different vegetable oils

Castro

Cabezas

Fuente

et al. 2016

Animal

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“…Therefore, they attributed depressed cellulose digestion with lipids to a direct toxicity to cellulolytic bacteria. Because lack of colonization could also be due to the dramatically lowered bacterial numbers associated with toxicity of lauric and myristic acids (Galbraith et al 1971;Henderson 1973), it is not possible to determine if toxicity or detachment is responsible for the reduced digestibility associated with CO.…”

Section: Dietary Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In pure culture, growth of Methanobacterium ruminantium is severely inhibited by long-chain fatty acids with the order of inhibitory activity of a series of long chain fatty acids being: C 18:1 >C 14 >C 12 >C 16 >C 18 (Prins et al 1972;Henderson 1973). The inhibitory pattern of long-chain fatty acids was similar for Gram-positive bacteria, but Gram negative bacteria were less sensitive to fatty acids at the same concentration (Galbraith et al 1971;Maczulak et al 1981).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid-induced depression of methane production and digestibility in the artificial rumen system (RUSITEC)

Yan¹,

Bae²,

McAllister³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

123

105

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. 1997. Lipid-induced depression of methane production and digestibility in the artificial rumen system (RUSITEC). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77: 269-278. An artificial rumen (RUSITEC) equipped with eight fermenters was used to examine the effects of canola oil (CA), cod liver oil (CD) and coconut oil (CO) on methane production, dietary digestibility and rumen microbial populations. The experiment, repeated three times, involved two diets (100% grass hay or a 90%:10% wheat:hay mixture) either untreated (controls) or sprayed with CA, CD or CO (10%, wt/wt) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. Dry matter disappearance and CH 4 production were greater (P < 0.05) from untreated concentrate diet than from untreated hay. There were significant interactions (P < 0.05) between diet and lipid type for DM digestion and several of the fermentation parameters. Coconut oil decreased (P < 0.05) DM and neutral detergent fibre disappearance of hay but did not affect digestion of concentrate. All oils, especially CO, depressed (P < 0.05) CH 4 production (mmol g -1 digestible DM) and methanogenic populations regardless of diet. Methanogens on CO-treated diets numbered less than 1% of those on CA-and CDtreated diets. Total viable, amylolytic, and cellulolytic bacterial numbers were also substantially reduced (P < 0.05) by CO, but not by CA or CD for both diets. Bacterial colonization and digestion of CO-treated hay was markedly less extensive than that observed on untreated, CA-or CD-treated hay. The molar proportion of propionate produced was increased (P < 0.05) by CA and CD, for the hay diet, but not for the concentrate diet. Coconut oil decreased (P < 0.05) the molar proportion of propionate produced on the hay diet and increased (P < 0.05) it on the concentrate diet. Of the three oils, CO was most inhibitory to CH 4 production and depressed fibre digestion. The CA and CD also decreased CH 4 production, but did not affect feed digestion in either diet. Consequently, the amount of metabolizable energy of feeds may be increased when diets are supplemented with these oils. Un rumen artificiel (RUSITEC), muni de huit fermenteurs a été utilisé pour examiner les effets de l'huile de colza canola (Ca), de foie de morue (Fm) et de coprah (Co) sur la production de méthane, sur la digestibilité des aliments et sur les populations microbiennes du rumen. L'expérience, conduite selon un dispositif factoriel 2 × 4 à trois répétitions, comportait deux régimes alimentaires : 100 % foin de graminée ou mélange blé (grain)-foin-foin, 90 : 10 %, servis non traités (témoin) ou avec 10 % en volume de Ca, Fm ou Co. La digestibilité apparente de la matière sèche et la production de CH 4 était plus importantes (P < 0,05) dans le régime concentré non traité que dans le régime au foin non traité. Il y avait des interactions significatives (P < 0,05) entre le régime et la nature des lipides pour la digestion de la m.s. et pour plusieurs paramètres de la fermentation. L'huile de coprah abaissait (P < 0,05) la digestion de la m.s. et de la NDF du foin, mais n'influait...

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“…Many bacteria are sensitive to fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, are much more toxic than saturated fatty acids in bacteria (15,16). Unsaturated fatty acids disrupt the membrane structure in cells because of their distorted structures (17) and inhibit fatty acid-synthesizing enzymes (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Biochemical Properties of the Original and Newly Identified Oleate Hydratases from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Kang

Seo

Shin

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Oleate hydratases (OhyAs) catalyze the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to 10-hydroxy fatty acids, which are used as precursors of important industrial compounds, including lactones and -hydroxycarboxylic and ␣, -dicarboxylic acids. The genes encoding OhyA and a putative fatty acid hydratase in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were identified by genomic analysis. The putative fatty acid hydratase was purified and identified as an oleate hydratase (OhyA2) based on its substrate specificity. The activity of OhyA2 as a holoenzyme was not affected by adding cofactors, whereas the activity of the original oleate hydratase (OhyA1) showed an increase. Thus, all characterized OhyAs were categorized as either OhyA1 or OhyA2 based on the activities of holoenzymes upon adding cofactors, which were determined by the type of the fourth conserved amino acid of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding motif. The hydration activities of S. maltophilia OhyA2 toward unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, ␣-linolenic acid, and ␥-linolenic acid, were greater than those of OhyA1. Moreover, the specific activity of S. maltophilia OhyA2 toward unsaturated fatty acids, with the exception of ␥-linolenic acid, was the highest among all reported OhyAs. IMPORTANCE All characterized OhyAs were categorized as OhyA1s or OhyA2s based on the different properties of the reported and newly identified holo-OhyAs in S. maltophilia upon the addition of cofactors. OhyA2s showed higher activities toward polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including linoleic acid, ␣-linolenic acid, and ␥-linolenic acid, than those of OhyA1s. This suggests that OhyA2s can be used more effectively to convert plant oils to 10-hydroxy fatty acids because plant oils contain not only oleic acid but also PUFAs. The hydration activity of the newly identified OhyA2 from S. maltophilia toward oleic acid was the highest among the activity levels reported so far. Therefore, this enzyme is an efficient biocatalyst for the conversion of plant oils to 10-hydroxy fatty acids, which can be further converted to important industrial materials. KEYWORDS Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, enzyme characterization, oleate hydrataseO leate hydratase (OhyA) converts unsaturated fatty acids to 10-hydroxy fatty acids, which are then converted to ␥-lactones by the yeasts Candida boidinii and Waltomyces lipofer (1, 2). ␥-Lactones are flavor compounds used in food and cosmetics (3). Multistep enzymatic reactions involving OhyA, alcohol dehydrogenase, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases, and esterase convert unsaturated fatty acids to -hydroxycarboxylic and ␣, -dicarboxylic acids (4), which are used in the preparation of resins, nylons, plastics, and lubricants (5). An effective OhyA is necessary for the efficient production of ␥-lactones, -hydroxycarboxylic acids, and ␣, -dicarboxylic acids.

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Antibacterial Activity of Long Chain Fatty Acids and the Reversal with Calcium, Magnesium, Ergocalciferol and Cholesterol

Cited by 307 publications

References 22 publications

Animal performance and meat characteristics in steers reared in intensive conditions fed with different vegetable oils

Animal performance and meat characteristics in steers reared in intensive conditions fed with different vegetable oils

Lipid-induced depression of methane production and digestibility in the artificial rumen system (RUSITEC)

Comparison of Biochemical Properties of the Original and Newly Identified Oleate Hydratases from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

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