Anti-Photoaging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside Rk3 During Exposure to UV Irradiation

Wan, Shichao; Liu, Yannan; Shi, Jingjing; Fan, Daidi; Li, Binglin

doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.716248

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…GS Rk3 may also decrease MDA expression and increase SOD and GSH-Px expression. Taken together, these results suggest that GS may have anti-photoaging properties in the skin ( Nah, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2014 ; Wan et al, 2021 ). However, the development and utilization of GS is limited by their low bioavailability, poor lipophilicity, and limited transdermal absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…It has been shown that MMP-1 can degrade collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅲ. Moreover, MMP-3 can degrade collagen and elastin in a synergistic way, leading to collagen and elastin rupture ( Lee et al, 2020 ; Wan et al, 2021 ). Therefore, MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression was measured in the rat skin tissue homogenate using ELISA kits ( Figures 5E, F ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…UV radiation is a major factor in the acceleration of both forms of skin aging by causing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production ( Chung 2003 ; Ho et al, 2005 ; Wolf et al, 2020 ). ROS can upregulate heterodimer-activated protein 1 (AP-1), which is composed of c-Fos and c-Jun proteins, by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which induces the synthesis of matrix-degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) ( Lee et al, 2020 ; Mu et al, 2021 ; Wan et al, 2021 ). MMPs degrade collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix in vivo .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Evaluation of Liposomes and Niosomes Containing Total Ginsenosides for Anti-Photoaging Therapy

Jin

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Ginsenosides are the principal bioactive compounds of ginseng. Total ginsenosides (GS) contain a variety of saponin monomers, which have potent anti-photoaging activity and improve the skin barrier function. To enhance the efficiency of GS transdermal absorption, GS liposomes (GSLs) and GS niosomes (GSNs) were formulated as delivery vehicles. Based on the clarified and optimized formulation process, GSL and GSN were prepared. The structure, cumulative transmittance, skin retention, total transmittance, and bioactivity of GSLs and GSNs were characterized. GSL and GSN were shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation and increase the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in human keratinocytes (HaCaTs). In addition, HaCAT cell migration, proliferation, and GS cellular uptake were significantly increased. The therapeutic effects of GSL and GSN were also evaluated in a rat model of photoaging. Histopathological changes were assessed in rat skin treated with GSL, GSN, or GS by hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and aldehyde fuchsine staining. Malondialdehyde (MDA), SOD, GSH-Px, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression levels were determined. Results indicated that the optimal formulation of GSL used soybean lecithin (SPC) as the phospholipid, with a lipid–drug ratio of 1:0.4 and a phospholipid–cholesterol ratio of 1:3.5. The optimal temperature for the preparation process of GSN by ethanol injection was 65°C, with a ratio of the organic phase to aqueous phase of 1:9. It was demonstrated that the cumulative release rate, skin retention rate, and total transmission rate of GSL-7 at 24 h were higher than those of GSN-4 and GS. GSL-7 significantly inhibited skin lipid peroxidation caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In addition, GSL-7 reduced the contents of MMPs and inflammatory cytokines in skin tissue. In conclusion, GSL-7 may reduce skin aging caused by UV radiation and contribute to skin tissue repair.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Preparation and Evaluation of Liposomes and Niosomes Containing Total Ginsenosides for Anti-Photoaging Therapy

Jin

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…Cortical and subcortical micro-infarcts, scattered white matter disorders have all been connected to these processes. These injuries resulted in demyelination and axonal damage [1][2][3][4]. In addition, the ischemic damaging of the neuronal cells and the development of cerebral micro-hemorrhages of venous origin facilitate neurodegenerative disorders and dementia [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-aging trait of whey protein against brain damage of senile rats

El‐Beeh

El‐Badawi

Amin

et al. 2022

J.Umm Al-Qura Univ. Appll. Sci.

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Aging mammalian results in impaired bio-functions and neurological disorders. The current study investigated whether whey protein (WP) syrup supplementation may improve age-related changes in diseased brain indicators like tau protein, β-amyloid and α-amylase. The study was carried out in conjunction with immunohistochemistry, histology, and flow cytometry of apoptosis. At the ages of 8 and 30 months, Wistar albino rats (Rattus novergicus) were divided into four groups (n = 8; G1; 8 months old rats; G2, 8 months old rats supplemented WP; G3, 30 months old rats; G4, 30 months old rats supplemented WP), with or without whey syrup administration. For 2 months, oral whey supplementation in 2 mL/kg doses is given twice a day every 12 h. Rats were sacrificed, and their brains were subjected to biochemical, histological, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometric investigations. Aged rats had lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA). These observations were parallel with increased inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor α- and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)], lipid peroxidation products (MDA), as well as apoptotic marker caspase-3, annexin-v, tau protein, β-amyloid, and α-amylase. Whey administration to aged rats reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress markers as well as improved neurotransmitters, tau protein, β-amyloid, and α-amylase. The advantages of supplementation were validated by improved histology and immunohistochemistry in aged rats’ cerebrum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In addition, apoptosis was reduced, according to flow cytometry analysis of annexin-v. In conclusion, WP contains amino acids and bioactive compounds that could decrease brain oxidative stress and restore normal metabolic function. Furthermore, increased antioxidant defense and DA and 5-HT neurotransmitters, while decreasing brain tau protein and β-amyloid, were associated with better histology in aged rats’ cerebrum, cerebellum, and hippocampus.

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“…Under a physiological condition, in the cytoplasm, NF‐κB is inactive and binds to the inhibitory protein IκB. Once triggered, IκB kinase phosphorylates and degrades the inhibitory protein IκB, releasing and transferring NF‐κB to the nucleus, where it increases the development of pro‐inflammatory mediators such as TNF‐, IL‐1, and iNOS (Wan et al, 2021; Zhang et al, 2019). Our results proved that γ‐GC decreased the expression of p‐p65, p‐IKK, p‐IκBα, and iNOS both in mice and cells treated with ethanol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

γ‐Glutamylcysteine alleviates ethanol‐induced hepatotoxicity via suppressing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation

Liu

Lü

Zhang

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Biochemistry

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Alcohol abuse is a major cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and can result in fibrosis and cirrhosis. γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) is a precursor of glutathione (GSH) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Our research aimed to explore the protective impact of γ-GC on ALD and its potential mechanisms of efficiency in vitro and in vivo. L02 cells were pretreated with γ-GC (20, 40, and 80 μM) for 2 h and exposed to ethanol for 24 h. Cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory levels were measured. The expression of protein cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP and flow cytometry results indicated that γ-GC decreases apoptosis on L02 cells after ethanol treatment. Moreover, γ-GC also attenuated oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in hepatocytes caused by ethanol via increasing cellular GSH, SOD activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo experiments, γ-GC effectively reduced the AST, ALT, and TG levels in mice. The inflammation of ALD was alleviated by γ-GC both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, histopathological examination demonstrated that γ-GC treatment lessened lipid droplet formation and inflammatory damage. In conclusion, these results showed that γ-GC has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects on ALD because it could help hepatocytes maintain sufficient GSH levels to combat the excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during ethanol metabolism. Practical applicationsAlcohol intake is the fifth highest risk factor for premature death and disability among all risk variables. However, few medicines are both safe and effective for the treatment of ALD. As a direct precursor of GSH, γ-GC has a broad variety of potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications for the treatment of numerous medical conditions. In conclusion, these results showed that γ-GC could protect cells from ALD via suppressing oxidative stress, alleviating inflammation, and preventing apoptosis.

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Anti-Photoaging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside Rk3 During Exposure to UV Irradiation

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Preparation and Evaluation of Liposomes and Niosomes Containing Total Ginsenosides for Anti-Photoaging Therapy

Preparation and Evaluation of Liposomes and Niosomes Containing Total Ginsenosides for Anti-Photoaging Therapy

Anti-aging trait of whey protein against brain damage of senile rats

γ‐Glutamylcysteine alleviates ethanol‐induced hepatotoxicity via suppressing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation

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