Anti‐inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat on the keratinocytes and ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rat skin flaps

Abstract

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that occurs when tissues are subjected to ischemia for a variable period of time, and then reperfused. Inflammatory reaction has been implicated as one of the most important mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat on keratinocytes in vitro and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. We investigated the inhibition, by anthocyanins, of the expression of various inflammatory genes associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-treated (TNF-α) immortalized epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). We also investigated the effects of anthocyanins on the survival of skin flaps after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rats. According to Western blot analysis and a luciferase activity assay, anthocyanins inhibited TNF-α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels through the NF-κB-dependent pathway. Administration of anthocyanins (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly improved the flap area survival in the 10-hour ischemic model from 62% to 74.5% and 83%, respectively (P = 0.001). The related cytokines in skin flap also changed as the same pattern as in vitro. Our results indicate that anthocyanins from black soybean seed coat had anti-inflammatory effects on the HaCaT cell line and increase the survival of skin flaps through anti-inflammatory properties against ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Use of Systemic Rosmarinus Officinalis to Enhance the Survival of Random-Pattern Skin Flaps

“…They may be axon blockers, alpha receptor blockers, or smooth muscle relaxants. Anti-inflammatory drugs and antioxidants have also been used to reduce the cellular effects of ischemia (25,26). The sequelae of these substances on flap viability rates vary between 68% and 83%.…”

A Critical Review on Polyphenols and Health Benefits of Black Soybeans

“…Recent researches have shown that BSB inhibit the effect of low density lipoprotein oxidation, inhibit TNF-alpha-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM), and cyclooxygenase-2 levels [83]. Further, anthocyanins protected myocardial injury from ischemia-reperfusion in rats [83]. Thus, anthocyanins from BSB seed coat benefit for pathological conditions like coronary heart diseases [84].…”

Effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on random skin flap survival in rats: An experimental study

“…All the results were represented as a percentage of viable area calculated using the following formula: Extent of viable area (mm 2 ) x 100/total area (viable and ischemic; mm 2 ).…”

“…These factors, including deficiency of blood perfusion, ischemia-reperfusion injury and expression of inflammatory factors, have been proven to contribute to partial skin necrosis (1). To enhance the survival of the local skin flap, it is crucial to improve the tolerance of the tissue to ischemia and inflammation, accelerate angiogenesis and alleviate tissue edema (2)(3)(4).…”