Anti-fungal activity, mechanism studies on α-Phellandrene and Nonanal against Penicillium cyclopium

Abstract

BackgroundEssential oils from plants have been reported to have wide spread antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens, and these include α-Phellandrene, Nonanal and other volatile substances. However, biological activities of α-Phellandrene and Nonanal have been reported only in a few publications. Further investigations are necessary to determine the antimicrobial activity of these compounds, especially for individual application, to establish the possible mechanism of action of the most active compound.ResultsThe results are shown that α-Phellandrene and Nonanal have a dose-dependent inhibition on the mycelial growth of Penicillium cyclopium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) are 1.7 and 1.8 mL/L for α-Phellandrene, 0.3 and 0.4 mL/L for Nonanal, respectively. The volatile compounds altered the morphology of P. cyclopium hyphae by causing loss of cytoplasmic material and distortion of the mycelia. The membrane permeability of P. cyclopium increased with increasing concentrations of the two volatile compounds, as evidenced by cell constituent release, extracellular conductivity and induced efflux of K+. Moreover, the two volatile compounds induced a decrease in pH and in the total lipid content of P. cyclopium, which suggested that cell membrane integrity had been compromised.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that α-Phellandrene and Nonanal could significantly inhibit the mycelia growth of P. cyclopium by severely disrupting the integrity of the fungal cell membrane, leading to the leakage of cell constituents and potassium ions, and triggering an increase of the total lipid content, extracellular pH and membrane permeability. Our present study suggests that α-Phellandrene and Nonanal might be a biological fungicide for the control of P. cyclopium in postharvest tomato fruits.

Changes of volatile organic compounds and bioactivity of Alternaria brassicae GL07 in different ages

“…Besides, nonanal appeared in the first two weeks and was a substance with aroma, the highest content of which was 4.12%. This is a substance widely found in tea, tobacco, roses, etc., with a strong odor and safe edible properties . Ester compounds were the most abundant substances, a total of nine species, the lowest ester content on the fifth day, the most on the fourteenth day, and the most content was lambertionsaeure‐methyl ester accounting for 15.27%, ester compounds had a special aroma, they may be the source of the fragrance, while accounting for the second most in the total composition, second only to acids.…”

Bioactivity of Selected Phenolic Acids and Hexane Extracts from Bougainvilla spectabilis and Citharexylum spinosum on the Growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum and Dickeya solani Bacteria: An Opportunity to Save the Environment

“…The B. spectabilis extract was more effective than C. spinosum extract, and this may be because it contains aldehydes and huge amounts of volatile compounds, such as nonanal, which was found in the phytochemical analysis at a percentage of 38.28%. The biological activities of nonanal have only been reported in a few publications, as it significantly inhibits the mycelia growth of P. cyclopium [76].…”

Identification and Characterization of Control Candidates for Pseudogymnoascus Destructans, the Fungus that Causes White-Nose Syndrome in Bats

“…There are previous reports that straight-chain alcohols (Weber and de Bont, 1996), weak organic acids (Ullah et al, 2012), and nonanal (Zhang et al, 2017) all increase membrane permeability, and there is considerable overlap between the downstream effects of membrane permeabilization and the effects that we observed. Cells can repair their membranes from permeabilizers within minutes (Idone et al, 2008) or even seconds (McNeil et al, 2000), and the efficacy of this process is proportional to the concentration of the permeabilizer (Idone et al, 2008).…”

“…Fernando et al, 2005;Kobaisy et al, 2001;Rajer et al, 2017), its mechanism of action has not been wellstudied. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one report on its antifungal mode, which showed that nonanal decreased membrane stability and increased membrane permeability in Penicillium cyclopium (Zhang et al, 2017).…”