Anti-bacterial properties of calcium hydroxide in combination with silver, copper, zinc oxide or magnesium oxide

Abstract

Prevention of bacterial growth among root canal treatment sessions is a prerequisite for successful root canal treatment. The most common way to achieve this is to use calcium hydroxide in the treatment sessions. Some studies have shown calcium hydroxide inefficiency in this field. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of silver, copper, zinc oxide and magnesium oxide nanoparticles on the inhibitory effects of calcium hydroxide based on Enterococcus faecalis species. Enterococcus faecalis bacteria having 0.5 McFarland concentration were prepared. Plates containing BHI agar medium were prepared. In each plate, four wells were created and the plate was cultured using a sterile swab. Afterwards, calcium hydroxide composition of 1% and 2% concentration from silver, copper, zinc oxide and magnesium oxide nanoparticles were prepared separately, as well as the combination of calcium hydroxide with 1% silver in combination with 1% of copper, zinc oxide and magnesium oxide nanoparticles, which were then transferred to the wells. After 24 hours of incubation, the inhibition zone diameter was measured. Data were analyzed by Mann-Withney test. At 1% concentration, only the combination of copper nanoparticles with calcium hydroxide could significantly create an inhibition zone larger than calcium hydroxide alone (P value <0.5). At 2% concentration, the combination of copper nanoparticles with calcium hydroxide, and the combination of silver nanoparticles with calcium hydroxide, were significantly higher than calcium hydroxide alone (P value <0.5). The calcium hydroxide composition containing 1% silver nanoparticles in combination with 1% copper, zinc oxide and magnesium oxide nanoparticles significantly increased the growth inhibition zone more than calcium hydroxide alone. (P Value <0.5). Copper nanoparticles showed the best antibacterial properties among silver, copper, magnesium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in combination with calcium hydroxide. Also, the combination of 1% of nanoparticles with each other increases antibacterial properties.

Therapeutic Applications of Functional Nanomaterials for Prostatitis

“…The antimicrobial activity is based on the photocatalytic property of TiO 2 NPs (Guo et al, 2019). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by TiO 2 was also reported (Yousefshahi et al, 2018). In addition to their direct anti-infective effects, nanoparticles can also be loaded with antibiotics.…”

“…Meanwhile, the photothermal effect of gold nanoparticles irreversibly destroys the bacterial membrane structure and then kills bacteria ( Hu et al, 2017 ). Silver, magnesium and iron particles, when reduced to nanosize, were suggested to exhibit antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus ( Yousefshahi et al, 2018 ; Videira-Quintela et al, 2020 ). Nanosilver is widely used in the medical field because of its strong antibacterial activity, lack of drug resistance and safety.…”

Silver nanoparticles in endodontics: recent developments and applications

“…Recently, Yousefshahi et al . applied calcium hydroxide with silver, copper, zinc, or magnesium; the combination of 1% AgNP and calcium hydroxide was more effective against biofilms than calcium hydroxide paste alone, but a mixture of 1% copper and calcium hydroxide paste was the most effective [ 70 ]. Additionally, less leakage has been found to occur when using nanosilver-coated gutta-percha points [ 71 ].…”

The Use of Calcium Hydroxide as an Intracanal Medicament in the Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions. A Review

“…(11) It should be kept in mind that the antibacterial efficacy of these metal components revolve around their contact surface, which is currently facilitated by reducing particle sizes from micro to nanoscale with the progress made by modern technology. Among other substances that boost the antibacterial properties of calcium hydroxide are zinc oxide and magnesium oxide as shown by Yousefshani et al (12) While Ca(OH) 2 alone is efficacious on all periapical infections, as far as large periapical lesions are concerned, all resources available should be exploited in the nonsurgical management of these situations, including associating calcium hydroxide with diverse adjuvant substances.…”