Anthrax meningoencephalitis — Declining trends in an uncommon but catastrophic CNS infection in rural Tamil Nadu, South India

Narayan, Shyam; M, Sreelakshmi; Sujatha, S.; Tk, Dutta

doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.376

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Anthrax is a life-threatening disease not only for humans but also for livestock. Outbreak cases have been reported from Myanmar, Thailand, Bangladesh and India (Chakraborty, Khan et al 2012, Kunanusont, Limpakarnjanarat et al 1990, Lakshmi and Kumar 1992, Mondal and Yamage 2014, Narayan, Sreelakshmi et al 2009, Oo 2013, Samad and Hoque 1986. In 2011, 771 fatal anthrax cases were reported in Myanmar (Oo 2013).…”

Section: Zoonotic Livestock-derived Diseases In Developing Countries and In Myanmarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to its negative impact, zoonoses remain a public health challenge in resource poor regions of Southeast Asia (Cáceres 2009). The population of Myanmar has experienced a number of zoonotic disease outbreaks including anthrax (Kunanusont, Limpakarnjanarat et al 1990, Narayan, Sreelakshmi et al 2009, Samad and Hoque 1986, brucellosis (Oo 2013(Oo , 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and avian salmonellosis (Oo 2013(Oo , 2014. As in many developing nations with limited veterinary services and poor health management, zoonotic parasitic infections are also common (Irwin andJefferies 2004, McLeod 2004) including ascariasis, coccidiosis, fascioliasis, oesophagostomiasis, strongyloid nematode infection which have been reported for both large and small ruminants (McLeod 2004, Oo 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constraints and opportunities to improve livestock production and health, and reduce zoonotic risks in small-scale native chicken, cattle and small ruminant farms in the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar

Win¹,

Tu²

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The Central Dry Zone (CDZ) supports 10 million people whose livelihoods depend on dry-land agriculture and small-scale livestock rearing. The CDZ has the highest livestock concentration in Myanmar, but characteristics of livestock production and health in this region have not been evaluated in detail. There is a need to understand the opportunities and limitations and for livestock production in the CDZ in order to develop methods to improve livestock production and disease control, to enhance the financial returns and living standards and, under the one-health paradigm, improve the nutrition and health status of farmers. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to describe husbandry and livestock health management and attitudes of small-scale cattle, small ruminant and village chicken farmers and to explore farmer's behaviours towards the prevention of livestock diseases and the risk of acquiring zoonotic diseases from livestock.Cross-sectional studies were conducted with 613 cattle, sheep and goat and village chicken farmers in 40 villages of the CDZ and with 63 stakeholders associated with livestock trading. Farming practices were compared between different livestock ownership groups and logistic, ordinal and multinomial regression models were used to quantify the association between husbandry practices on livestock rearing outcomes (such as livestock health, biosecurity and income generation). Path analysis and multilevel mixed modelling were applied to identify factors that affect small-scale livestock farmers' decisions to vaccinate their livestock against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Newcastle Disease (ND). In addition, attitudes, beliefs and barriers to the application of recommended zoonotic disease prevention approaches and social networks of livestock movements and trading density were explored to identify their impact on farmer's perceptions on the risk of acquiring zoonotic diseases.Multispecies rearing was a frequent occurrence with 51.7% (95%CI: 42-61%) of farmers rearing more than one livestock species. Rearing animals to be sold as adults for slaughter (meat production) was more common for small ruminants (98.1%) and chickens (99.8%) compared to cattle (69.8%). A substantial proportion of farmers in the CDZ derived their main income from crop production (43.2%), followed by livestock production (23.1%).Patterns of grazing differed between seasons (p<0.05) for cattle, but not for small ruminants.

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Section: Zoonotic Livestock-derived Diseases In Developing Countries and In Myanmarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints and opportunities to improve livestock production and health, and reduce zoonotic risks in small-scale native chicken, cattle and small ruminant farms in the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar

Win¹,

Tu²

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“…The human disease continues to be prevalent in developing countries. 1 The forms of the disease in humans include cutaneous, respiratory, meningoencephalitic, and gastrointestinal; the cutaneous disease accounts for most of the cases of anthrax in humans. 2,3 Meat and leather industry workers can contract a pulmonary form of anthrax, but cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and meningoencephalitic forms are usually nonindustrial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 Meat and leather industry workers can contract a pulmonary form of anthrax, but cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and meningoencephalitic forms are usually nonindustrial. 1,[4][5][6] Transmission may result from ingestion of grossly contaminated or undercooked meat or bones of infected animals, contact with hair and wool of infected animals, introduction of the bacteria by nicks/incisions in open parts of the body, or inhalation of the spores. 7 The most common method of transmission is infection of the skin because of accumulation of spores under the nails of the hands or feet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optic Atrophy Secondary to Preseptal Cutaneous Anthrax: Case Report

Ekinci

Çağatay

Huseyinoglu

et al. 2014

Neuro-Ophthalmology

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Bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax, is a nonmotile, aerobic gram-positive rod that can form very resistant spores in economically poor environments. Anthrax can manifest as cutaneous, gastrointestinal, or inhalational form. Cutaneous anthrax, caused by direct skin contact, presents with eschar, lymphadenopathy, and a febrile illness. The face and eyelids are most commonly involved in cutaneous anthrax. A 45-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with high fever and swelling of the right eyelid. One day later on re-examination, formation of ulcerous lesions in the right medial canthal region was observed, with general oedema in the upper and lower eyelids. The patient was evaluated as having cutaneous anthrax and medical treatment was continued until the 28th day; he was discharged from the hospital with no loss of vision. He returned for a follow-up examination after 2 months, with decreased visual acuity (5logMAR 1.0). In the fundus examination, optic atrophy was observed. The patient was evaluated as having toxic optic neuropathy.

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