Antimicrobial resistance is an important concern for the public health authorities at global level. However, in developing countries like India, recent hospital and some community based data showed increase in burden of antimicrobial resistance. Research related to antimicrobial use, determinants and development of antimicrobial resistance, regional variation and interventional strategies according to the existing health care situation in each country is a big challenge. This paper discusses the situational analysis of antimicrobial resistance with respect to its problem, determinants and challenges ahead with strategies required in future to reduce the burden in India. Recent data from Google search, Medline and other sources were collected which was reviewed and analyzed by the authors. Hospital based studies showed higher and varied spectrum of resistance in different regions while there are limited number of community based studies at country level. There exists lacunae in the structure and functioning of public health care delivery system with regard to quantification of the problem and various determining factors related to antimicrobial resistance. There is an urgent need to develop and strengthen antimicrobial policy, standard treatment guidelines, national plan for containment of AMR and research related to public health aspects of AMR at community and hospital level in India.
Background: The study was performed to identify the important bacterial pathogens responsible for wound infections secondary to snakebite and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility. Methodology: All cases of wound infection secondary to snakebite were included in this retrospective study. Infected tissues were surgically debrided and inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar for aerobic bacterial culture, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Staphylococcus aureus (32%) was the most common isolate followed by Escherichia coli (15%); monomicrobial infections were more frequent than polymicrobial infections. The majority of the isolates were antibiotic sensitive. Ciprofloxacin, an oral drug covering both Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates, was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic. The patients responded well to the treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study will be helpful in deciding the empirical antibiotic therapy in cases of wound infection secondary to snakebite in regions of Southeast Asia.
A series of trans-pyridyl porphyrins, 5,15-di(pentafluorophenyl)-10,20-bis(2ꞌ/3ꞌ/4ꞌ-pyridyl)porphyrin (1−3), trans-dicationic pyridinium porphyrins, 5,15-di(pentafluorophenyl)-10,20-bis(2ꞌ/3ꞌ/4ꞌ-Nmethylpyridyl)porphyrins (4−6) and their copper(II) and zinc(II) derivatives were synthesized. These compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic methods, electrochemical and single crystal X-ray crystallographic studies. The trans-dicationic porphyrin derivatives exhibit red shifted absorption spectra over the simple pyridyl porphyrins. The reduction potentials of trans-pyridyl porphyrins are more positive than those of MTPPs. Crystal structure of 3c is forming networks of molecules through Zn-N coordination displaying large number of channels. The intermolecular interactions involving fluorine contributes considerably to the crystal packing in all the structures which was further confirmed by computational Hirshfeld surface analysis. The dicationic porphyrins were further explored for its DNA interaction abilities and antimicrobial activities. The UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopic titrations indicate that the porphyrins bind with the calf thymus DNA by outside groove binding mode with or without self-stacking. The intrinsic binding constants K b of these dicationic porphyrins to DNA was found to be in the range of 10 5 −10 6 M −1 . The results reveal that among the three sets of porphyrins (4−6), the 3-/4-pyridyl derivatives display higher DNA binding activities compared to the 2-pyridyl analogues.The photocleavage experiments disclose that the porphyrins employ 1 O 2 -mediated mechanism in cleaving DNA and the freebase and zinc(II) derivatives show better photoinduced cleavage ability compared to its copper(II) analogues. The dicationic porphyrins also show significant antimicrobial activities than those of non-fluorinated analogues.Trans-dicationic pyridinium porphyrins: Synthesis, structure, electrochemical, DNA interaction and antimicrobial studies of fluorinated trans-pyridyl and trans-dicationic pyridinium porphyrins are reported and the studies indicate that they are superior artificial nucleases than its non-fluorinated analogues; bind with the calf thymus DNA by outside groove binding mode with or without self-stacking, also show significant antimicrobial activities than those of nonfluorinated analogues.
The unusual di-bromo product, 5b, confirmed by spectral analysis, showed the most potency with the lowest IC50 and MIC values, with excellent activity comparable to the standard antibacterial drug, tetracycline.
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