Antenna design and fabrication for biotelemetry applications

Abstract

<span>This research work assumes the role of designing a Micro-strip patch antenna that exists with in the band range of 402 MHz to 405 MHz, which was considered as medical implantable communication systems (MICS) band and can be possibly implanted at human body phantom model because of its flexiblility and lower radiation characteristics. CST Microwave studio was used for designing the patch antenna and the human body phantom model with the existence of homogeneous layers (fat, skin and muscle) and the final version was fabricated. Being highly flexible, FR4 was chosen as a substrate to maintain 0.5 mm thickness throughout. For the ground and patch, copper material was selected having thickness of 0.018 mm. For the ease of fabrication and biocompatibility, silicon was selected with the thickness of being 8 mm. Maximum specific absorption rate of the proposed antenna was obtained 0.588 W/Kg for 10g tissue. Various Parameters such as VSWR, S11, Radiation efficiency, Total efficiency were found 1.1889, -21.28 dB, <br /> -45.71 dB, -45.74 dB respectively inside body phantom that ensure the antenna design was efficiently and effectively suitable for biotelemetry system which is body implantable. After fabrication the value of S11 is found -12.43 dB in open space with 453 MHz frequency.</span>

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Based On-Body Patch Antenna for Detecting COVID-19-Affected Lungs

“…Usually, if the VSWR value is under 2, it is regarded as a better antenna. 48 The highest value of VSWR in free space was determined as 1.004, as shown in Figure 2d.…”

“…If an antenna has a return loss above −10 dB, it is not acceptable for transmission. Hence, the standard limit for return loss is −10 dB, which indicates that our designed antenna has less return loss and will perform well in free space. VSWR determines the impedance match of antenna with the transmission line where it is connected.…”

“…VSWR determines the impedance match of antenna with the transmission line where it is connected. Usually, if the VSWR value is under 2, it is regarded as a better antenna . The highest value of VSWR in free space was determined as 1.004, as shown in Figure d.…”

“…Therefore, SAR value analysis is important when any devices are put on human body tissue. As shown in Figure c, we obtained a SAR value of 1.77 W/kg for 10 g of tissue using only 1 mW of power during the experiments, which is suitable for the human body and satisfies the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and IEEE standard for higher safety for medical applications for the human body and makes it biocompatible and safe. ,, This ensures that the proposed antenna is biocompatible and safe on the human body lungs. To compare the performance of the proposed MWCNT-based patch antenna for detecting COVID-19-affected lungs, a similar design was made using single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which is provided in Supporting Information Note S6.…”

Design of an axial mode helical antenna with buffer layer for underwater applications

“…Pasya et al [13] proposed the utilization of a buffer layer with dielectric constant value calculated using geometric average among air and the transmission medium. Sinha et al [14] created a micro-strip patch antenna that operates in the 402 to 405 MHz band and could possibly be implanted in a human body phantom model due to its flexibility and lower radiation properties.…”