“…Often it concerns public assets, whereas powerful international actors and national elites control tourism flows (Clancy, 2011;Sharpley, 2009). These actors often treat the effects of their operations as externalities (Van der Duim et al, 2012), as they lack incentives to avoid overexploitation (Beritelli, 2011). Considering these power asymmetries, it should be questioned whether effective management of "rich natural and cultural environments" for the (sole) purpose of tourism exploitation (UNWTO, 2015, p. 4) ever leads to sustainable development.…”