Annual and seasonal variations in atmospheric PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs levels in satellite cities of Seoul, Korea during 2003–2009

Spatial and Temporal Variation of PM2.5 and Atmospheric PCDD/Fs in Northern Taiwan during Winter Monsoon and Local Pollution Episodes

“…3(d)), whereas PCDF accounted for more than 60% of all PCDD/F species at Rural Site 1, Rural Site 2, and Urban Site 1. The proportion of PCDD was noticeably higher than that of PCDF at Background Site, indicating that higher PCDF proportions are associated with closer proximity to industrial and human activities (Min et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2016a). The variability of PCDD/Fs at different sampling sites was measured on the basis of the ratio of ΣPCDDs to ΣPCDFs, with a ΣPCDDs/ΣPCDFs ratio of 0.3-0.6 indicating that the pollution is largely due to burning processes (Cappelletti et al, 2016).…”

“…Rural Site 2 was at Fuguei Cape at the northernmost tip of Taiwan (121°32'16"E 25°17'51"N; 17 m above mean sea level) and close to the eastern coast. During winter monsoons, Fuguei Cape is the first area in Taiwan to be exposed to LRT (Chou et al, 2017), whose air-current trajectory covers northern China, Japan, and Korea (Min et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2016b). At this site, 18 samples were collected over the same period as at Rural Site 1.…”

“…As an island nation located to the southeast of China, Taiwan experiences northeastern monsoons and continental air masses in winter. During this season, cold air from northern China flows to the downwind regions such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Korea, carrying pollutants from emission sources located on this transport route (Cheng et al, 2008;Choi et al, 2008;Hsu et al, 2009;Min et al, 2013). A few days before monsoons and cold-air masses reach Taiwan, they were weakened due to the effect of the island (Chi et al, 2013a).…”

Spatial and seasonal distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls around a municipal solid waste incinerator, determined using polyurethane foam passive air samplers

“…Unintentionally produced PCDD/Fs can be released into the environment from various thermal processes (Fiedler, 1996;Kulkarni et al, 2008;Nie et al, 2012). Municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are important sources of PCDD/F and PCB emissions, are closely linked with people's lives and therefore cause widespread public concern (McKay, 2002;Min et al, 2013).…”

Passive air sampling for determining the levels of ambient PCDD/Fs and their seasonal and spatial variations and inhalation risk in Shanghai, China

“…They have never been commercially manufactured but are unintentional by-products emitted into the environment from various thermal activities such as waste incineration, metal smelting, power/heat generation, bushfires, automobile emissions, and chemical production processes (Altarawneh et al 2009;Min et al 2013;Nie et al 2012;Shin et al 2011;Wang et al 2003). Because of their persistence and semi-volatility, they can be transported over long distances in the atmosphere; stored in soil, water, and sediments; and bioaccumulated into food chains (Altarawneh et al 2009;Hutzinger and Blumich 1985;Li et al 2008b;Lohmann and Jones 1998;van der Oost et al 2003;Yu et al 2006).…”