Passive air sampling for determining the levels of ambient PCDD/Fs and their seasonal and spatial variations and inhalation risk in Shanghai, China

Abstract

The seasonal and spatial variations, compositional profiles, and possible sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air samples in Shanghai of China were investigated by passive air samplers, and the potential inhalation risks posed by these chemicals were evaluated. The following results were obtained: (1) The World Health Organization (WHO) toxic equivalency (TEQ) values for PCDD/Fs were in the range of 10.8-259 fg m(-3) (mean 63.4 fg m(-3)) in summer and 24.1-154 fg m(-3) (mean 83.4 fg m(-3)) in winter. Atmospheric PCDD/F levels were in the following order: industrial areas > commercial and residential areas > rural areas. (2) 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (24 %), 2,3,7,8-TeCDD (16 %), 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (13 %), and 2,3,7,8-TeCDF (12 %) were the predominant contributors to the TEQ of PCDD/Fs. (3) There was a slight seasonal trend with higher TEQ values in winter than in summer, which could be related to seasonal variations in the dispersion of PCDD/Fs in ambient air. (4) The children's daily intake was at the lower end of the range for the tolerable daily intake of PCDD/Fs recommended by WHO, which indicates that the inhalation risk of PCDD/Fs for local residents in Shanghai is relatively low.

Evaluation of atmospheric concentrations of dl-PCBs comparing to PCDD/F compounds in Istanbul, Turkey

“…Studies in the literature reported dl-PCB concentrations of 6 fg I-TEQ/m 3 for industrial regions and 2 fg I-TEQ/m 3 for residential areas in Anshan city, China (Li et al, 2010). Another study in China reported winter and summer PCDD/F concentrations of 83.4 and 63.4 fg TEQ/m 3 , respectively (Tian et al, 2015). Li et al (2011) reported PCDD/F concentration of 74 fg TEQ/m 3 for industrial regions.…”

Environmental trends of metals and PCDD/Fs around a cement plant after alternative fuel implementation: human health risk assessment

“…2 Seasonality in PCDD/F levels is associated with seasonal variations in the dispersion of PCDD/ Fs in ambient air, as well as in their sources (such as home heating, replaces, etc.). 25 Air Table 5 shows the concentrations of metals associated with PM 10 particles and PCDD/Fs in air in the surroundings of the cement plant. In addition, Table 6 shows the current mean levels together with those found in the previous studies carried out before and aer the employment of alternative fuel in July 2011 and June 2013, respectively, and the trends are shown in Fig.…”

Concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in ambient air in Hanoi, Vietnam, between 2017 and 2021, and health risk assessments

“…health risk assessment studies (Schuster Jasmin et al 2015;Tian et al 2015;Francisco et al 2017;Hao et al 2017). The PAS method using13 C-PCDD/PCDF-labelled isotopic standards as surrogates on PUF discs for the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs during sample collection has been demonstrated as a suitable approach under the actual hot, humid tropical climate conditions in Vietnam (Trinh Khac Sau et al 2021).…”

“…ADD calculationRecent studies have assessed the inhalation risk of PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs through TEQ values, which were determined with PAS data(Francisco et al 2017;Hao et al 2018;Tian et al 2015). In this study, the ADD (fg TEQ/kg BW/day) through inhalation was calculated using the following equation similar to our previous study(Trinh Khac Sau et al 2021): ADD = C air × InhR × ET × EF × ED/BW × ATwhere C air is the ∑TEQ D/F&dl in ambient air (fg/m 3 ), InhR is the inhalation rate (m 3 /day), ET is the exposure time (hours/day), EF is the exposure frequency (days/year), ED is the exposure duration (years), BW is the body weight (kg), and AT is the average time (days) (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2018).Since people, including adults and children, reside and work in the three study areas, we assumed that the ET was 24 h per day.…”