Anisotropic shrinkage during sintering of particle-oriented systems—numerical simulation and experimental studies

Review: liquid phase sintering

“…• Raj et al [215] used the standard FDM to simulate the anisotropic shrinkage based on the extended Svoboda and Riedel's model [140] during LPS of the alumina with TiO 2 and Na 2 O as liquid agent.…”

Modelling microstructural evolution of porous polycrystalline materials and a numerical study of anisotropic sintering

“…There have been many experimental studies on the anisotropic shrinkage and two factors appear to be the major causes for the anisotropic behaviour. The first factor is that elongate particles arrange themselves in a preferred orientation in processes like tape casting, injection moulding or compaction prior to sintering which has been reported by Sanchez [30], Mitomo et al [31], Huber et al [32], Zhang et al [33], Uematsu et al [34], Greenwood et al [35], Raj and Cannon [36], Raj et al [37] and Shui et al [38][39][40]. Recently, Raj et al [37] proposed a numerical model for the sintering of elongate particles which predicts that compact consisted of aligned elongate particles shrink faster in the direction of the shorter axis of the particles and that the shrinkage anisotropy reduces as sintering progresses.…”

Hybrid processing and anisotropic sintering shrinkage in textured ZnO ceramics

“…Anisotropic sintering shrinkage has been investigated in several systems but this phenomenon is not yet understood. The reported causes of anisotropic sintering shrinkage include (i) green compacts being composed of oriented anisometric particles [24], (ii) large, oriented, non-densifying, anisometric inclusions in randomly oriented matrixes [25,26], (iii) anisotropic surface or grain boundary energy in largely oriented green compacts [27,28], and (iv) anisotropic pore morphology and contact anisotropy [29,30]. These causes are interrelated; they might co-exist and one of them can be dominant.…”