Liquid phase sintering (LPS) is a process for forming high performance, multiple-phase components from powders. It involves sintering under conditions where solid grains coexist with a wetting liquid. Many variants of LPS are applied to a wide range of engineering materials. Example applications for this technology are found in automobile engine connecting rods and high-speed metal cutting inserts. Scientific advances in understanding LPS began in the 1950s. The resulting quantitative process models are now embedded in computer simulations to enable predictions of the sintered component dimensions, microstructure, and properties. However, there are remaining areas in need of research attention. This LPS review, based on over 2,500 publications, outlines what happens when mixed powders are heated to the LPS temperature, with a focus on the densification and microstructure evolution events.

Sonographic findings of pelvic congestion syndrome were dilated left ovarian vein with reversed caudal flow, presence of varicocele, dilated arcuate veins crossing the uterine myometrium, polycystic changes of the ovary, and variable duplex waveform during the Valsalva's maneuver. Combined transabdominal and transvaginal sonography are potentially useful as a noninvasive screening tool for determining which patients with chronic pelvic pain may benefit from selective ovarian venography and transcatheter embolization.

Nutcracker syndrome may be an important cause of orthostatic proteinuria in children. Doppler sonography of the left renal vein may be a useful screening tool in patients with suspected orthostatic proteinuria to evaluate whether the cause is nutcracker syndrome.

We customized a combination of cathode, anode, and electrolyte to develop an LMB capable of cycling both at a high loading capacity and at a high current density that satisfy the capacity and charging rate requirements for future electric vehicles.

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Choledochal cysts are rare congenital anomalies which are principally diagnosed by disproportional dilatation of the extrahepatic bile ducts. In addition, choledochal cysts are believed to arise from the anomalous union of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct outside the duodenal wall which is also proximal to the sphincter of the Oddi mechanism. The various types of choledochal cysts have been classified on the basis of these anomalous unions (Komi classification) and their anatomical locations (Todani classification). The multidetector computed tomography with reformatted imaging, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and an endoscopic retrograde cholangiography represent the important techniques providing the anatomical resolution and detail required to properly diagnose and classify choledochal cysts and their associated abnormal features of the biliary tree, as well as their pancreaticobile duct union. This study describes the various imaging features of a choledochal cyst in adults according to the various types of anomalous unions of the pancreaticobile duct according to Komi's classification and anatomic location according to Todani's classification. Lastly, we also review and discuss the associated abnormal findings developed in biliary systems.

this problem, solid [4][5][6][7][8][9] and liquid [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] catalysts have been introduced in Li-O 2 batteries. However, solid catalysts such as noble metals have been reported to promote not only the reversible decomposition of Li 2 O 2 but also electrolyte decomposition. [17][18][19] In addition, when direct contact between the solid catalyst and Li 2 O 2 is prevented or the surface of the catalyst is covered with Li 2 O 2 , no catalytic activation effect is expected. [10,11] Alternatively, liquid catalysts, called redox mediators (RMs), [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] have been added to the electrolyte as electron-hole transfer agents to promote reversible Li 2 O 2 formation/ decomposition. RMs constitute a more efficient solution for charge-discharge reversibility, resulting in a reduction of the charge overpotential without severe electrolyte decomposition. However, it has recently been reported that RMs can be deactivated during cycling through chemical reduction at the Li metal electrode (self-discharge of the electrochemically oxidized RM) and attack by oxygen species at the cathode. [20][21][22] Thus, more stable RMs are still required for practical application of Li-O 2 batteries with longer cycle life and higher efficiency.To alleviate the aforementioned problems associated with RMs in Li-O 2 batteries, Li metal, which is an essential anode component for obtaining a high energy density, should be protected through surface treatment and the employment of functional separators. [20,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] However, reported Li protection materials and Li-protective layers mainly consist of polymers, which have insufficient stiffness to suppress the growth of Li dendrites. These polymer materials can also be decomposed by reactive oxygen radicals that are produced as intermediates during the formation and decomposition of Li 2 O 2 . [29,41] Herein, we attempted to solve these problems by controlling the concentration of the RM (LiBr) in the electrolyte and using a stable and stiff Li metal protective layer (a graphenepolydopamine composite layer, GPDL), which can help maintain high efficiency over prolonged cycling in Li-O 2 batteries. An appropriate concentration of LiBr in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) was used as the RM based on previous reports. [15,42] A graphene-polydopamine composite was developed as a protective layer and was uniformly coated onto the Li metal electrode to suppress undesired reactions with LiBr in the electrolyte, as well as with oxygen and moisture. Using these approaches, we successfully demonstrated high-efficiency Recently, various approaches for adding redox mediators to electrolytes and introducing protective layers onto Li metal have been suggested to overcome the low energy efficiency and poor cycle life of Li-O 2 batteries. However, the catalytic effect of the redox mediator for oxygen evolution gradually deteriorates during repeated cycling owing to its decomposition at the surfaces of both t...

Sonography can be a primary diagnostic technique for evaluating nasal fracture in children. It inflicts no radiation, provides various imaging planes without positional change, and can be used to evaluate the cartilaginous septum. Potential pitfalls are the nasofrontal suture, the junction between the nasal bone and the pyriform aperture of the maxilla, the vascular groove, and the presence of an old fracture. CT can be used in addition to sonography in cases of suspected complex facial bone trauma.