“…Other non-academic literature has focused on the attributes or characteristics of managers: these include contributions by journalists like Grant and Robertson (2010) who contend that there is something distinct about the characteristics of Scottish managers which, among other things, has resulted in their enjoying disproportionate levels of success in English football, as well as academic literature from Bolchover and Brady (2004), who sought to identify the characteristics of managers and the lessons that can be learned for business and management more generally. In juxtaposition, Wagg (2007Wagg ( , 2005 argues that football management is a paradigm, a long-standing myth in football culture that all of a team's performance can be explained by a single factor namely the stewardship of the manager. Elsewhere, Carter (2006Carter ( , 2004Carter ( , 1999 provides detailed accounts of the role and position of the manager over time, while economists have studied the implications of managerial turnover in football on such factors as performance (d 'Addona & Kind, 2012;Audas, Dobson & Goddard, 2002;Bruinshoofd & ter Weel, 2003;de Dios Tena & Forest, 2007;Koning, 2003;Hughes, Hughes, Mellahi, & Guermat, 2010).…”