Anesthesia of wild red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) with medetomidine/ketamine and reversal by atipamezole

Vié, Jean‐Christophe; Thoisy, Benoı̂t de; Fournier, Pascal; Fournier‐Chambrillon, Christine; Genty, Christophe; Kéravec, J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:4<399::aid-ajp6>3.0.co;2-r

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…During the course of a wildlife rescue and research project in French Guiana, we had a unique opportunity to capture and study a large number of species (Vié , 1999), and to document the anesthesia of various wild neotropical mammals Vié et al, 1998), including xenarthrans (Fournier-Chambrillon et al, 1997;Vogel et al, 1998). Three anesthetic combinations were used in armadillos: tiletamine/zolazepam (T/Z), ketamine/xylazine (K/X), and ketamine/medetomidine (K/M).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Only one NBA had evidence of cyanosis. Hypoxemia generally resolved with time in several species anesthetized with K/M combinations (Spelman et al, 1994;Fournier et al, 1998;Vié et al, 1998;Vogel et al, 1998), as well as in twotoed sloths anesthetized with K/X. In armadillos mean values remained around 90% throughout the whole anesthesia.…”

Section: Physiological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In GLA, mean heart rate was relatively high at 5 and 30 min with the T/Z combination, but without references on heart rate ranges in this species, it was difficult to conclude to a tachycardic effect at 5 min or a bradycardic effect at 15 min. Although the centrally stimulating effects of ketamine upon the cardiovascular system may compensate the depressive effects of alpha 2 -agonistic compounds (Moens and Fargetton, 1990;Verstegen et al, 1991a), in both NBA and GLA, heart rate significantly decreased during immobilization with the K/ X and K/M combinations, as previously reported in other xenarthrans (Fournier-Chambrillon et al, 1997;Vogel et al, 1998) and several other species (Jalanka and Roeken, 1990;Arnemo et al, 1994;Spelman et al, 1994;Fournier et al, 1998;Vié et al, 1998). As in some other Guianan species (Fournier-Chambrillon et al, 1997;Fournier et al, 1998;Vogel et al, 1998) mean respiratory rate remained stable throughout anesthesia with all anesthetic combinations, but in opposition to two-toed sloths (Vogel et al, 1998), the lowest rates were recorded with T/Z.…”

Section: Physiological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physical condition due to the deterioration of the environment and stress are two major factors that could influence the anesthetic effects and increase individual variations, but stress was difficult to assess, as armadillos generally exhibit a calm behavior in captivity. We did not observe such a variability in individual response to anesthetics in other xenartrans or mammal spe-cies anesthetized in the same context (Fournier-Chambrillon et al, 1997;Fournier et al, 1998;Vié et al, 1998;Vogel et al, 1998), and this may be a peculiarity in armadillos.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immobilization of Free-Ranging Nine-Banded and Great Long-Nosed Armadillos With Three Anesthetic Combinations

Fournier‐Chambrillon¹,

Vogel²,

Fournier³

et al. 2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Nine-banded (n ϭ 47) and great (n ϭ 31) long-nosed armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus and Dasypus kappleri) were immobilized for clinical examination and collection of biological samples as part of a wildlife rescue during the filling of a hydroelectric dam (Petit Saut, French Guiana) from May 1994 to April 1995. Three intramuscular (i.m.) anesthetic combinations were evaluated: (1) tiletamine/zolazepam (T/Z) at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg in 12 nine-banded longnosed armadillos (NBA) and 10 great long-nosed armadillos (GLA), (2) ketamine at 40 mg/kg combined with xylazine at 1.0 mg/kg (K/X) in 18 NBA and nine GLA, and (3) ketamine at 7.5 mg/kg combined with medetomidine at 75 g/kg (K/M) in 17 NBA and 12 GLA, antagonized by 375 g/kg atipamezole. Induction was smooth, ranged from x Ϯ SD ϭ 2.8 Ϯ 0.6 to 4.3 Ϯ 1.8 min, and did not differ significantly between protocols, species, or sex. In NBA, immobilization time ranged from 43.8 Ϯ 27.8 to 66.5 Ϯ 40.0 min and did not differ between protocols or sex. Muscle relaxation was judged to be better with K/X and K/M versus T/ Z. In GLA, the response to the anesthetic protocols was more variable and immobilization time ranged from 30.4 Ϯ 6.2 to 98.4 Ϯ 33.7 min. The main difference was observed in GLA females receiving the T/ Z combination, in which immobilization time was significantly longer versus males, but also versus GLA K/M group, and versus NBA T/ Z group. Effects on body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were limited. Thirty six to 50% of the individuals showed hypoxemia (S p O 2 Ͻ 85%) throughout anesthesia and values Ͻ80% also were recorded but the hypoxemia was not associated with clinical signs. With T/Z and K/X, recovery was irregular and prolonged up to 2 to 3 hr in some individuals. In K/M groups, first standing was observed 1.0 to 16.4 min after i.m. atipamezole injection without adverse effects. Finally, the three anesthetic combinations used in this study were effective and safe agents for 30 to 40 min immobilizations including minor surgery procedures. The ability to antagonize the medetomidine-induced sedation with atipamezole significantly reduces the recovery time, making the K/M combination preferable, especially in field conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Section: Physiological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Physiological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immobilization of Free-Ranging Nine-Banded and Great Long-Nosed Armadillos With Three Anesthetic Combinations

Fournier‐Chambrillon¹,

Vogel²,

Fournier³

et al. 2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The small drop in PR and MAP observed at the start of the sedation procedure (Table 6) was possibly due to a deepening of the plane of sedation, as the drugs were absorbed from the injection site - and rose in the end. In dogs and cats, bradycardia is consistently seen with the use of medetomidine due to a combination of central reduction in the sympathetic drive to the heart and reflex bradycardia following peripheral vasoconstriction [23,24,42], and can also cause respiratory depression [34]. In marmosets there was no significant difference observed in blood pressure drop between the ketamine and both ketamine-medetomidine groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

et al. 2013

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BackgroundHandling of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) usually requires chemical restraint. Ketamine has been associated with muscle damage in primates, while common marmosets, compared to other primates, additionally display an exceptional high sensitivity to ketamine-associated side-effects. Notably, muscle twitching movements of limbs and hands, and a marked increase in salivation are observed. We investigated two alternative intramuscular (i.m.) immobilisation protocols against ketamine (50 mg/kg; protocol 1) in a double-blind randomised crossover study in ten healthy adult common marmosets for use as a safe reliable, short-term immobilisation and sedation. These protocols comprised: alphaxalone (12 mg/kg; protocol 2) and 25 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0.50 mg/kg medetomidine (reversal with 2.5 mg/kg atipamezole; protocol 3A). Following completion and unblinding, the project was extended with an additional protocol (3B), comprising 25 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine (reversal with 0.25 mg/kg atipamezole, twice with 35 min interval).ResultsAll protocols in this study provided rapid onset (induction times <5 min) of immobilisation and sedation. Duration of immobilisation was 31.23 ± 22.39 min, 53.72 ± 13.08 min, 19.73 ± 5.74 min, and 22.78 ± 22.37 min for protocol 1, 2, 3A, and 3B, respectively. Recovery times were 135.84 ± 39.19 min, 55.79 ± 11.02 min, 405.46 ± 29.81 min, and 291.91 ± 80.34 min, respectively. Regarding the quality, and reliability (judged by pedal withdrawal reflex, palpebral reflex and muscle tension) of all protocols, protocol 2 was the most optimal. Monitored vital parameters were within clinically acceptable limits during all protocols and there were no fatalities. Indication of muscle damage as assessed by AST, LDH and CK values was most prominent elevated in protocol 1, 3A, and 3B.ConclusionsWe conclude that intramuscular administration of 12 mg/kg alphaxalone to common marmosets is preferred over other protocols studied. Protocol 2 resulted in at least comparable immobilisation quality with acceptable and less frequent side effects and superior recovery quality. In all protocols, supportive therapy, such as external heat support, remains mandatory. Notably, an unacceptable long recovery period in both ketamine/medetomidine protocols (subsequently reversed with atipamezole) was observed, showing that α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists in the used dose and dosing regime is not the first choice for sedation in common marmosets in a standard research setting.

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Monkeys and Gibbons

West

BSc

Caulkett

2007

Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia

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Anesthesia of wild red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) with medetomidine/ketamine and reversal by atipamezole

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Immobilization of Free-Ranging Nine-Banded and Great Long-Nosed Armadillos With Three Anesthetic Combinations

Immobilization of Free-Ranging Nine-Banded and Great Long-Nosed Armadillos With Three Anesthetic Combinations

Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Monkeys and Gibbons

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