Androgenesis in Capsicum annuum L.—Effects of Carbohydrate and Carbon Dioxide Enrichment

Abstract

<jats:p>A new and simple protocol for androgenesis in bell pepper is described. The initial medium, a modification of Nitsch and Nitsch's H medium, consisted of a two-phase system of semi-solid and liquid medium and contained maltose as carbon source. The total number of embryos formed was greater with maltose at 40 g·L<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup>, but embryos developed better at 10 to 20 g·L<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup>. Depending on the genotype, the number of embryos and plants recovered ranged from 3 to 750 and 0.25 to 8, respectively, per 100 flowers. Further increases in the number of embryos (up to 3561 per 100 flowers) and plants (up to 23 per 100 flowers) could be attained by flushing cultures with air enriched with CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> at 900 μL·L<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup>. The ploidy level and the microspore origin of the recovered plants were determined by flow cytometry and zymograms for isocitrate dehydrogenase. Nearly 65% of the acclimated plants had undergone spontaneous doubling of the chromosome number, as confirmed by flow cytometry of leaf nuclei. Isocitrate dehydrogenase zymograms demonstrated that plants originated from microspores and that the two parental alleles were equally represented among the haploid and dihaploid plants.</jats:p>

Sex and ploidy of anther culture derived papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants

“…Plants with different ploidy levels induced via anther culture have been reported in various plant species, e.g., 6% haploids, 70% diploids and 24% triploids in Datura metel L (Narayanaswamy & Chandy, 1971); 34% haploids, 65% diploids and 0.8% triploids in Capsicum annum L. (Dolcet-Sanjuan et al, 1997); 7% haploids, 43% diploids, 29% triploids, and 21% tetraploids in apple (De Witte et al, 1999); and 14.3% diploid, 71.4% triploids and 14.3% tetraploids in Petunia axillaris (Engvild, 1973). Sunderland et al (1974) demonstrated the origin of triploids and tetraploids from anther culture in Datura innoxia Mill.…”

Haploid plant regeneration via embryogenesis from anther cultures of Hepatica nobilis

“…On the other hand, AC also absorbs nutrients, such as thiamine, nicotinic acid (Weatherhead et al, 1979) and Fe-EDTA (Heberle-Bors, 1980), as well as plant growth regulators such as NAA and cytokinin (Weatherhead et al, 1978). In anther culture of Capsicum annuum L. (Dolcet-Sanjuan et al, 1997), Anemone and Nicotiana tabacum L. (Johansson, 1983), the use of double-layer medium with AC has had a positive effect on embryo formation. The present study demonstrated that embryo formation from cultured anthers was stimulated not only on a doublelayer medium but also on a solid medium containing AC, suggesting that the negative effect of some inhibiting substances on the formation of embryos might be avoided by adsorption and/or absorption with AC.…”

Anther culture in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in vitro

“…Genotype has a significant effect on induction of embryogenesis and on subsequent development of embryos to plant regenerants but also influences the correlation between obtained haploid and spontaneously diploidized regenerants (Dolcet-Sanjuan et al 1997;Mityko and Fari 1997). Nowaczyk et al (2009) demonstrated clear differences in the effectiveness of androgenesis between the pepper hybrid forms as well as among individual plants of tested genotypes.…”