Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop that can be improved using plant tissue culture and biotechnology. However, it is difficult to develop appropriate breeding material by in vitro cultivation in this species. Haploid plant production is useful in the breeding programs to facilitate recovery of recessive mutations and unique genetic recombinations. In embryogenesis, haploid formation from pollen in anther culture is a scientifically advanced, but controversial system. Various techniques for haploid plant regeneration are used to establish an efficient double haploid production method. The purpose of this article is to summarize, through comparison, results in pepper anther culture, problems associated with work in this field, and the influence of critical factors for successful embryo formation and plantlet development.
There were investigated and compared the in vitro response in anther culture of 16 Bulgarian pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes: six lines, six varieties and four hybrids developed in Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv. The anthers reacted with induction of direct embryogenesis or callusogenesis. Only in two of the studied genotypes (line N145 and variety Zlaten medal) the anthers have shown indirect organogenesis. There were established genotypes with good embryogenic ability-varieties Zlaten medal, Albena, Stryama, Hebur, Kourtovska kapiya, F1 hybrids N1647Χ N668, N1647 Χ N1962 and lines N1312, N145 and N668. The embryoids obtained from anthers of line N145 and varieties Stryama and Kourtovska kapiya developed to regenerants with formed roots and cotyledons. The results from this study proved that for the first time is achieved a successful induction of embryogenesis in vitro and obtaining plant-regenerants, with microspore origin, of Bulgarian pepper genotypes.
The comparative breeding evaluation was carried out with six advanced pepper lines (Capsicum annuum L.) with androgenic origin and their initial pepper variety Hebar during the period 2008 - 2010 in field conditions at Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The genotypes were characterized by total and standard yield, plant height and fruit traits: length, width, wall thickness and weight. The response of two lines (4 and 6) and control variety to the Verticillium wilt was also investigated on artificial infected background. According to the results of the experimental work standard and total yield in all androgenic lines were higher compared to the initial variety but significant differences were established only for lines 1, 2, 4 and 6. Line 6 was characterized with the highest standard yield (4009 kg/da) followed by line 2 (3829 kg/da). They exceeded variety Hebar with 42.26% and 35.89%, respectively. Line 2 formed the heaviest (61.31 g) and longer (11.24 cm) fruits than most studied genotypes. Anther-derived lines were also with a good uniformity by studied traits. In line 6 was registered lower index of infestation byVerticillium dahliae Kleb. than the control during the investigated period. These perspective lines will be included as valuable genetic resources for future pepper breeding programs for development of new varieties
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