Anatomical Proposal for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection for Glabellar Frown Lines

Abstract

Botulinum neurotoxin injection for treating glabellar frown lines is a commonly used method; however, side effects, such as ptosis and samurai eyebrow, have been reported due to a lack of comprehensive anatomical knowledge. The anatomical factors important for the injection of the botulinum neurotoxin into the corrugator supercilii muscle has been reviewed in this study. Current understanding on the localization of the botulinum neurotoxin injection point from newer anatomy examination was evaluated. We observed that for the glabellar-frown-line-related muscles, the injection point could be more accurately demarcated. We propose the injection method and the best possible injection sites for the corrugator supercilii muscle. We propose the optimal injection sites using external anatomical landmarks for the frequently injected muscles of the face to accelerate effective glabellar frown line removal. Moreover, these instructions would support a more accurate procedure without adverse events.

Novel Anatomical Proposal for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Targeting Lateral Canthal Rhytids

“…However, anatomical considerations have not been well described even though this has led to side effects. Targeting lateral canthal rhytids with BoNT can cause major problems, such as diplopia, which may result from unintended blocking of the rectus inferioris or lateralis [ 5 , 6 , 12 ]. Although BoNT causing diplopia is uncommon, it can be critical to individuals [ 3 , 6 ].…”

“…Factors that should be considered are that a substantial number of units and short-term repetitive injections of BoNT build up antibodies that lead to insufficient treatment [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Recent findings on BoNT injection points from anatomical perspectives in certain muscles have been based on external anatomical landmarks ( Figure 2 ) [ 11 , 12 ]. This review aimed to propose safe and efficient BoNT injection points and techniques for lateral canthal lines.…”

Anatomical Proposal for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Targeting the Platysma Muscle for Treating Platysmal Band and Jawline Lifting: A Review

“…To prevent these undesirable results, anatomy-based precise injection in the platysma muscle and beginning the primary treatment on a lower quantity of BoNT are recommended. Recent studies on BoNT injection in specific locations for anatomical assessments of particular muscles have been conducted on the basis of external anatomical features [6,7].…”

Novel Anatomical Guidelines on Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection for Wrinkles in the Nose Region

“…Numerous studies on BoNT injection points in muscles have previously been published on external anatomical standards ( Figure 2 ) [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. We searched for articles using the following keywords: “botulinum neurotoxin in nose region” and “side effect of botulinum neurotoxin injection in nose wrinkle” on Pubmed and Scopus.…”