Analytical pitfalls in hair testing

Mußhoff, Frank; Madea, Burkhard

doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1288-x

Cited by 121 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 244 publications

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“…This can however affect the extraction efficiencies of incorporated drugs and must be considered when interpreting quantitative results. Pretreatment steps must be applied to extract drugs from hair as they are firmly enclosed in the hair structure and partly bound to proteins, melanin or lipids of the cell membrane complex (73). The hair is often cut into small pieces or pulverized by grinding.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

Gjerde

Øiestad²,

Christophersen³

2011

Nor J Epidemiol

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Blood, oral fluid (saliva), urine and hair are the most commonly used biological matrices for drug testing in epidemiological drug research. Other biological matrices may also be used for selected purposes. Blood reflects recent drug intake and may be used to assess impairment. Oral fluid reflects drug presence in blood and thereby also recent intake, but drug concentrations in this matrix cannot be used to accurately estimate concentrations in blood. Urine reflects drug use during the last few days and in some cases for a longer period, but does not indicate the dose size or frequency of use. Hair reflects drug use during several months, but is a poor matrix for detecting use of cannabis. If using a single drug dose, this can be detected in blood and urine if the sample is taken within the detection timeframes, in most cases also in oral fluid. Single drug use is most often insufficient for producing a positive test result in a sample of hair. For cocaine and amphetamine, weekly use may be needed, while for cannabis a positive result is not guaranteed even after daily use. Refusal rates are lowest for oral fluid and highest for blood and hair samples. The analytical costs are lowest for urine and highest for hair. Combined use of questionnaires/interviews and drug testing detects more drug use than when using only one of those methods and is therefore expected to give more accurate data.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In aqueous hair extracts hydrolysis of cocaine to benzoylecgonine and heroine/6-monoacetylmorphine to morphine can occur. Heroin itself has therefore not been found in aqueous hair extracts (73). Further clean-up by LLE or SPE might be necessary before analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

Gjerde

Øiestad²,

Christophersen³

2011

Nor J Epidemiol

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“…In addition to different hair growth rate and errors in sampling, a possible problem in hair analysis could be false positive hair testing result caused by passive exposure to drug from the environment. Therefore, a decontamination step using appropriate solvents is necessary prior to the analysis of hair samples (24). In addition, another problem is the lack of correlation between frequency of drug use and its concentration in hair due to the different incorporation rate of drug in the hair, different hair melanin content, use of hair treatments (bleaching and dyeing), etc.…”

Section: Mda -34-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Mdea -34-methylenedioxymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work

Karačonji

Brajenović

2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Hair analysis is a reliable tool for detecting long-term exposure to illegal drugs, including amphetaminetype stimulants, over periods from a few weeks to a few months, depending on the length of the hair used for analysis. Between 2000 and 2012, over 600 hair samples were analysed at the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Croatia (IMROH) for the presence of amphetamine-type stimulants. IMROH has used the same procedure for testing hair samples for amphetamine-type stimulants for over twelve years. It was found to be reliable for confirming repeated abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA-Ecstasy), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in hair. Hair samples were either taken at the Institute, delivered by mail or a third person brought them to the laboratory. In most cases, the hair samples were tested anonymously. A total of 23 % of the tested samples were positive for one or more amphetamine-type stimulant. MDMA was the most frequently detected substance, whereas the most frequent combination was amphetamine with MDMA. Our results could indicate a trend in amphetamine-type stimulant abuse among young people in the Republic of Croatia. KEY WORDS: GC/MS; MDMA; methamphetamine; quantitative determinationBrčić Karačonji I and Brajenović N. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2014;65:225-230 Amphetamine-type stimulants usually refer to s y n t h e t i c s u b s t a n c e s l i k e a m p h e t a m i n e , m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e , 3 , 4 -m e t h y l e n e d i o x ym e t h a m p h e t a m i n e ( M D M A -E c s t a s y ) , 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) that act as central nervous system stimulants. According to data provided by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (1), approximately one quarter of Europe's adult population have used an illicit drug at some point in their lives and approximately 3.8 % of all Europeans aged 15-64 have consumed amphetamines at least once in their lifetime (2). A study conducted by the Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Science on illicit drug use in the general Croatian population (4,756 respondents) showed that 16 % of adults aged 15-64 reported taking at least one type of drug of abuse in their lifetime (3). Amphetamine-type stimulants are the second most frequently used illicit drugs after cannabis: the lifetime prevalence of taking cannabis in Croatia is 15.6 %, followed by amphetamines (2.6 %) and ecstasy (2.5 %). The main concern is the higher lifetime prevalence (25.7 %) of taking an illegal drug among the 15-34 age group. In the same age group, the lifetime prevalence rate of taking amphetamine-type stimulants was two times higher than among all adults (aged 15-64). Around 23 % of respondents who had taken an amphetaminetype stimulant at least once reported their first experience with these illegal drugs at an age be...

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“…Yüzyılın ortalarında arsenik zehirlenmesini araştırmak üzere saçtan hareketle analizler yapan Casper'dan sonra 1954 yılında spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle guinea pig cinsi kemirgenlerin tüylerinde organik bir bileşiğin varlığını ilk kez tespit eden Goldblum ve arkadaşlarının çalışmasına kadar saç ve/veya tüylerden hareketle yapılan analiz çalışmaları pek ilgi görmemiştir. Fakat, saç ve tüy örneklerinin toplandıktan sonra oda koşullarında kaldığı sürece hemen analiz edilmesine gerek olmaması, analiz veriminin yüksek olması, idrardan hareketle yapılan analizlere göre deteksiyon aralığı-nın geniş olması ve saçın/tüyün uzunluğuna bağlı olarak bir haftadan birkaç aya kadar uzayan deteksiyon zamanı sağlan-ması kıldan hareketle yapılan analizlerin avantajlı yönlerini oluşturmaktadır (73).…”

Section: Fenoprofen Minör Metabolitunclassified

Yaris atlarinda kullanimi suistimal edilen bazi non-steroidal antienflamatuvar ilaçlarin biyolojik örneklerden kromatografik yöntemlerle miktar tayini

Tatar¹

2012

mpj

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ATLARDA AĞRI VE TEDAVISI Yarış atlarının aniden gelişen ve açıklanamayan nedenlerle veya yarışlar ve antrenmanlar sırasın-da meydana gelen yaralanmalar sebebiyle öldü-ğü bilinmektedir. Ağırlıkları, mensup oldukları ırklara göre 350-1000 kg arasında değişen ve bu ağırlığı taşıyan ayak bileklerinin kalınlığı bir insanınkinden çok da farklı olmayan atlar, kasiskelet sistemleri gelişimini tamamlamadan yarışlarda ve antrenmanlarda saatte yaklaşık 30 mil hızla koşmaya zorlanmakta ve meydana gelen yaralanmaların tedavisinde yüksek dozda narkotik analjezikler ve temini kontrole tabi reçetelere bağlı olmadığı için kolaylıkla satın alınabilen non-steroidal antienflamatuvar ilaçlar kullanıl-maktadır (1).Yarışlar ya da antrenmanlar sırasında atlarda meydana gelen yaralanmaların nedeni olarak gösterilen dış faktörler; çevresel şartlar ve beslenmeye bağlı koşullar, yarış pistinin uzunluğu, yarış pisti zemininin fiziksel koşulları, atın koştuğu yarışların sıklığı ve antrenman yöntemi olarak belirlenirken bazı iç faktörler; atın yaşı, ırkı, hastalık hikayesi başlıkları altında toplanmıştır. Yarışlar sırasında meydana gelen bir yaralanma ata ötenazi uygulanmasını gerektirecek kadar ağırsa katastrofik, atın tedavi ile sağlıklı hale getirilebileceği düşünülüyorsa non-katastrofik olarak tanımlanmıştır. Örneğin; 1 Ocak 1995'ten 31 Aralık 1996'ya kadar Kentucky'de yapılan yarışlarda meydana gelen 210 yaralanmanın 84'ü katastrofik olarak değerlendirilirken 126'sı yani %60'ı non-katastrofik olarak değerlendirilmiştir (2).

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Analytical pitfalls in hair testing

Cited by 121 publications

References 244 publications

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work

Yaris atlarinda kullanimi suistimal edilen bazi non-steroidal antienflamatuvar ilaçlarin biyolojik örneklerden kromatografik yöntemlerle miktar tayini

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