Analysis of wind damage caused by multiple tropical storm events in Japanese Cryptomeria japonica forests

Kamimura, Kiyoshi; Saitô, Satoshi; Kinoshita, Hiroko; Kitagawa, Keisuke; Uchida, Takanori; Mizunaga, Hiromi

doi:10.1093/forestry/cpt011

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Nevertheless, once trees are leaning without any support, like the P-50 trees, it is not possible to return their rest position due to the partly broken roots and the additional TM from the overhanging stem and crown. It takes time to recover vertical orientation through the growth of new roots ( 32 ), and this could partly explain why some trees that survive a specific TC or storm fail under much lower wind speeds in a subsequent TC or storm ( 33 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree dynamic response and survival in a category-5 tropical cyclone: The case of super typhoon Trami

et al. 2022

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In the future with climate change, we expect more forest and tree damage due to the increasing strength and changing trajectories of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, to date, we have limited information to estimate likely damage levels, and nobody has ever measured exactly how forest trees behave mechanically during a TC. In 2018, a category-5 TC destroyed trees in our ongoing research plots, in which we were measuring tree movement and wind speed in two different tree spacing plots. We found damaged trees in only the wider spaced plot. Here, we present how trees dynamically respond to strong winds during a TC. Sustained strong winds obviously trigger the damage to trees and forests but inter-tree spacing is also a key factor because the level of support from neighboring trees modifies the effective “stiffness” against the wind both at the single tree and whole forest stand level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree dynamic response and survival in a category-5 tropical cyclone: The case of super typhoon Trami

et al. 2022

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“…In one study (Klaus et al, 2011), it was linked to higher storm damage, whereas in another investigation (Mayer et al, 2005), it was associated with lower damage intensities. The latter may be a sign of an adaptation of the root system to constantly higher wind speeds in higher elevations or simply the result of a general difficulty to get reliable information of the parameter 'wind' that includes aspects like gustiness that are very difficult to assess (Schü tz et al, 2006;Gardiner et al, 2008;Albrecht et al, 2012;Kamimura et al, 2013).…”

Section: Soil and Topographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerability of uneven-aged forests to storm damage

et al. 2014

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Uneven-aged forests are assumed to have a high stability against storm damage but have rarely been analysed for vulnerability to storm damage due to a lack of a sufficient empirical database. Here we model storm damage in uneven-aged forest to analyse major factors that may determine the sensitivity of this type of forests to storms based on a broad database. Data are derived of public forests in the canton Neuchâ tel in West Switzerland that are dominated by silver fir and Norway spruce and managed since the beginning of the 20th century following a single-tree selection system. A unique dataset of periodical (every 5-10 years) full inventories measuring the diameter of every single tree including salvage cuttings was available for the investigation. The time series reached back until 1920 and covered an area of 16 000 ha divided into 3000 divisions. The effect of a major winter storm ('Lothar') in December 1999 on these forests was investigated using a subset of 648 divisions. The influence of the vertical stand structure on the vulnerability of storm damage was studied using logistic regression models. To facilitate the analyses, an index of closeness to a J-shaped distribution (LikeJ) based on the number of trees in different diameter classes was developed. Besides structural indices, variables representing stand characteristics, soil-related and topography-related variables were included. The results of our study show that the overall damage level of the investigated forests was rather low. The variables that entered the model for the unevenaged stands were different to those that are normally significant for even-aged stands. While variables like stand structure, the timing of the harvesting and topographic variables entered a multivariate statistical model as significant predictors, standard predictors for storm damage in even-aged stands such as stand density, thinning intensity or species composition were not significant. We hypothesize that the uneven-aged structure of the investigated forests may be one reason for the low damage level we observed but emphasize the need for more detailed research to support this conclusion.

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“…Site is the primary factor that distributed tree growth and development, and caused the difference between the growth of DBH and H. Moreover, site was considered the controlling factor for unobserved heterogeneity in which there were various factors contributing to TM. For example, water contents inside and below the root plate significantly correlated with TM (Kamimura et al 2013). Douglas fir grown on mineral soil was better anchored than radiata pine (Pinus radiata) in a study conducted in New Zealand (Moore & Gardiner 2001).…”

Section: Factors Affecting the Risk Of Tree Failurementioning

confidence: 98%

“…For example, TM generally increases with tree size and does not differ significantly across species for similar sized trees (Cannon et al 2015). A large variety of model approaches have been used in previous research, such as logistic regression models, Cox hazard proportion regression model and neural networks (Kamimura et al 2013, Hanewinkel 2015, Krejci et al 2018. In general, all models determine the factors impacting TM and establish suitable equations for predicting TM at the moment of tree failure (uprooting or stem breakage).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A N C H O R a G E a N D S Ta B I L I T Y O F T H R E E M a J O R Plantation Forest Species in Vietnam

Nguyen¹,

Fukui²,

Iwama³

et al. 2021

JTFS

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Pulling experiments were conducted to determine the mechanical resistance of trees to overturning. We selected two different sites in Vietnam with three major plantation forest species (Acacia hybrid, Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus caribaea) to determine the correlation between tree stability or stembase inclination index (stiffness index, SI) and tree characteristics (e.g. tree size, tree species, DBH and height), and site conditions. Statistical analyses based on Cox regression model and generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) showed that tree stability was strongly affected by tree characteristics and site. There was a positive relationship between the risk of tree failure and tree size, in which tree size was the best indicator for all models (Akaike information criterion of 180, p < 0.05), and the tree resistance probability to uprooting increased as tree size increased. In addition, the hazard ratio varied significantly among sites, and between A. hybrid and E. urophylla. It was also found that the SI increased with increased tree size and was highly affected by species. The study confirmed that site conditions affected tree species vulnerability, induced by wind damage, and provided information for further development of mechanistic wind damage risk assessment models for each specific tree species, especially in the tropical forest.

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Analysis of wind damage caused by multiple tropical storm events in Japanese Cryptomeria japonica forests

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Tree dynamic response and survival in a category-5 tropical cyclone: The case of super typhoon Trami

Tree dynamic response and survival in a category-5 tropical cyclone: The case of super typhoon Trami

Vulnerability of uneven-aged forests to storm damage

A N C H O R a G E a N D S Ta B I L I T Y O F T H R E E M a J O R Plantation Forest Species in Vietnam

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