Analysis of the Imposition of Export Tax on Indonesian Cocoa Beans: Impact on the Processed Cocoa Export in Indonesia and Malaysia

Yudyanto, Hendy; Hastiadi, Fithra Faisal

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16510-9_7

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Penerapan kebijakan bea keluar terhadap biji kakao diterapkan sejak tahun 2010, hal ini menyebabkan industri pengolahan kakao sudah mulai berkembang, hal ini dilihat dari volume ekspor kakao Indonesia mulai bergeser dari biji kakao ke produk kakao olahan seperti pasta kakao, lemak kakao serta bubuk kakao. Berdasarkan penelitian Putri et al (2014) menyatakan bahwa pengaruh bea keluar mampu menekan volume ekspor biji kakao dan meningkatkan persediaan dalam negeri, sedangkan terhadap ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia menurut penelitian Suryana et al (2014); Yudyanto et al (2017) menyatakan bahwa setelah berlakunya kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap ekspor olahan kakao Indonesia.…”

Section: Abstrakunclassified

Pengaruh Penerapan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao Terhadap Daya Saing Serta Ekspor Produk Kakao Indonesia

2021

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The development of Indonesia's cocoa beans before the export duty policy shows that almost 90 per cent of cocoa beans exports were exported from total production, therefore makes Indonesia as known as one of the biggest cocoa beans exporters in the world. Cocoa exports to destination countries cause the domestic stock of raw materials for cocoa beans Domestic stock has decreased. Afterwards, the Indonesian government implemented a cocoa bean export duty policy. This research aimed to analyze the effect of export duties policy for the competitiveness and exports of Indonesian cocoa products to export destination countries. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method is used to measure competitiveness, while Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) is used to analyze the long-term effect of export duties on cocoa beans on competitiveness and exports of cocoa products. Based on the analysis result, all cocoa products have competitiveness, Indonesian cocoa butter has the highest competitiveness in export destination countries. Export duties policy has a long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa paste and powder, but have no long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa butter. Therefore, the overall increase in competitiveness and export of cocoa products is due to the implementation of the cocoa bean export duty policy.

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Pengaruh Penerapan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao Terhadap Daya Saing Serta Ekspor Produk Kakao Indonesia

2021

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“…About 90 percent of cocoa exports are random or unfermented cocoa, unfermented cocoa indeed has a market in the world. The imposition of an export tax on Indonesian cocoa beans significantly affects the increase in the volume of Indonesia's processed cocoa exports in the long run [3]. Shortterm and long-term relationships, international prices have a significant effect on domestic prices, there is a strong correlation between export taxes and farmer prices as international prices are well transmitted to domestic prices [4].…”

Section: Research Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Development of Cocoa Agribusiness in Kare Village, Madiun District, East Java

Fitriana

Amir

Indah

2020

ajarcde

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Cocoa is one of the plantation commodities whose role is quite important for the national economy, especially as a provider of employment, a source of income, and foreign exchange. Financial profit is a necessity in exploiting a commodity. The market aspect is one of the determining factors for the success of cocoa plantation operations. So the results of the analysis above are combined with stakeholder opinions on the development of cocoa agribusiness. The objectives of this study are: 1) Analyzing the financial feasibility of cocoa farming 2) Analyzing cocoa farming chain and marketing margins 3) Identifying stakeholders' opinions on alternative decision making for cocoa agribusiness development 4) Developing cocoa agribusiness development directives. Financial feasibility analysis methods (NPV, Net B / C, IRR, Payback Period, and Sensitivity Analysis), marketing analysis (chain analysis and marketing margins), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that: (1) Cocoa farming is feasible to be developed financially, because the value of NPV> 0, Gross B / C> 1, Net B / C> 1, IRR> applicable interest rate, and return on capital with a time limit less than 20 years. The sensitivity of cocoa farming occurs in decreasing production. Where cocoa farming is still feasible if these conditions occur. (2) Marketing chains and margins, namely, there are two cocoa marketing channels, marketing margins of IDR 5,000 and IDR 2,000. (3) The selection of alternatives that greatly affect the development of cocoa agribusiness is market factors, HR factors, and technology factors. The direction of agribusiness development needed is the availability of a market that has stable cocoa prices for farmers, the availability of skilled human resources in cultivation and post-harvest technology that is able to provide greater added value to cocoa.

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“…The government of Indonesia (GoI) has implemented an export tax policy since 2010 aiming for increasing national income through export on intermediate and final cocoa products. In addition, the imposing of export tax is to increase the added value in domestic cocoa industry (Yudyanto & Fithra, 2019). Further, according to Bouet & Laborde (2012), this will decrease the export volume of raw materials which has impacted on the increasing number of cocoa industries in Indonesia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, according to Bouet & Laborde (2012), this will decrease the export volume of raw materials which has impacted on the increasing number of cocoa industries in Indonesia. In addition, this has also significantly impacted on Indonesian cocoa export, in which recently the majority of Indonesian cocoa is exported in intermediate products (Yudyanto & Fithra, 2019). According to ICCO (2020), Indonesia's gross export of cocoa semi-finished products, such as cocoa butter, cocoa powder and cake, and cocoa paste, accounted for 187,130 tonnes, 177,121 tonnes, and 18,357 tonnes, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Added Value Analysis of Intermediate and Final Cocoa Products: Case Study in a Cocoa Producing Unit in Jember, East Java

Hartatri

Ramadhani

Akbar

et al. 2021

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Cocoa is one of the important commodities that significantly contribute to Indonesian economy. Moreover, millions farmers depend on this commodityas their main source of income. However, the low quality of dried cocoa beans produced by Indonesian smallholder cocoa farmers has led the low farm-gateprice. Therefore, efforts for increasing the cocoa income are required. Hilirisasi (down streeming) program has been implemented by the Government of Indonesia (GoI), including in cocoa commodity in order to increase the added value ofcocoa. There are various downstream products, including intermediate and final products that can be produced. The intermediate products include paste/liquor,cocoa butter, and cocoa powder, meanwhile the final products, such as 3 in 1 cocoa powder, milk chocolate bars and dark chocolate bars. Research on addedvalue of intermediate and final cocoa products specially in small size producing units is still limited, whereas this research is required to support the nationaleconomy and smallholder cocoa farmers. Therefore, this research aims to understand the added value of producing intermediate and final cocoa products at asmall sized enterprises of cocoa processing unit based in Jember, East Java. This research was conducted in March to June 2020 by conducting observation, documentation and interview for understanding the production activities of intermediateproducts (cocoa paste/liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder) and final products (3 in 1 milk powder, milk chocolate bar and dark chocolate bar). The researchresults show that producing intermediate and final products resulted in medium to high added value and profitable for the producing unit. Producing cocoa paste/liquor generated the highest profit among the intermediate cocoa products, meanwhile on final cocoa products, processing 3 in 1 cocoa powder provided thehighest profit. In order to increase the national and community economy, the support of GoI to small and medium enterprise (SMEs) or farmer groups for processing the downstream cocoa products is required. Cocoa is one of the important commodities that significantly contributeto Indonesian economy. Moreover, millions farmers depend on this commodity as their main source of income. However, the low quality of dried cocoa beansproduced by Indonesian smallholder cocoa farmers has led the low farm-gate price. Therefore, efforts for increasing the cocoa income are required. Hilirisasi(down streeming) program has been implemented by the Government of Indonesia (GoI), including in cocoa commodity in order to increase the added value ofcocoa. There are various downstream products, including intermediate and final products that can be produced. The intermediate products include paste/liquor,cocoa butter, and cocoa powder, meanwhile the final products, such as 3 in 1 cocoa powder, milk chocolate bars and dark chocolate bars. Research on addedvalue of intermediate and final cocoa products specially in small size producing units is still limited, whereas this research is required to support the nationaleconomy and smallholder cocoa farmers. Therefore, this research aims to understand the added value of producing intermediate and final cocoa products at asmall sized enterprises of cocoa processing unit based in Jember, East Java. This research was conducted in March to June 2020 by conducting observation, documentation and interview for understanding the production activities of intermediateproducts (cocoa paste/liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder) and final products (3 in 1 milk powder, milk chocolate bar and dark chocolate bar). The researchresults show that producing intermediate and final products resulted in medium to high added value and profitable for the producing unit. Producing cocoa paste/liquor generated the highest profit among the intermediate cocoa products, meanwhile on final cocoa products, processing 3 in 1 cocoa powder provided thehighest profit. In order to increase the national and community economy, the support of GoI to small and medium enterprise (SMEs) or farmer groups for processing the downstream cocoa products is required.

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Analysis of the Imposition of Export Tax on Indonesian Cocoa Beans: Impact on the Processed Cocoa Export in Indonesia and Malaysia

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Pengaruh Penerapan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao Terhadap Daya Saing Serta Ekspor Produk Kakao Indonesia

Pengaruh Penerapan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao Terhadap Daya Saing Serta Ekspor Produk Kakao Indonesia

Analysis and Development of Cocoa Agribusiness in Kare Village, Madiun District, East Java

Added Value Analysis of Intermediate and Final Cocoa Products: Case Study in a Cocoa Producing Unit in Jember, East Java

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