Pengaruh Penerapan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao Terhadap Daya Saing Serta Ekspor Produk Kakao Indonesia

Abstract

The development of Indonesia's cocoa beans before the export duty policy shows that almost 90 per cent of cocoa beans exports were exported from total production, therefore makes Indonesia as known as one of the biggest cocoa beans exporters in the world. Cocoa exports to destination countries cause the domestic stock of raw materials for cocoa beans Domestic stock has decreased. Afterwards, the Indonesian government implemented a cocoa bean export duty policy. This research aimed to analyze the effect of export duties policy for the competitiveness and exports of Indonesian cocoa products to export destination countries. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method is used to measure competitiveness, while Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) is used to analyze the long-term effect of export duties on cocoa beans on competitiveness and exports of cocoa products. Based on the analysis result, all cocoa products have competitiveness, Indonesian cocoa butter has the highest competitiveness in export destination countries. Export duties policy has a long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa paste and powder, but have no long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa butter. Therefore, the overall increase in competitiveness and export of cocoa products is due to the implementation of the cocoa bean export duty policy.

Long-Term Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Foreign Exchange Reserves in the Organization of Islamic Corporation

“…The method used in this research is FMOLS. FMOLS method to analyze the longterm effect between independent variables on the dependent variable Saragih et al(2021).. FMOLS method is used for panel data which is not stationary and heterogeneous between panel members; this can lead to false regressions that have no economic significance (Pedroni, 2000). For FMOLS estimation, two conditions are needed, namely the dependent variable and the independent variable, which is not stationary at the level and must have a cointegration relationship between variables.…”

Daya Saing Cocoa Butter Sumatera Utara Ke Pasar Malaysia

“…Harga ekspor cocoa butter Ghana berpengaruh positif dimana jika cocoa butter Ghana meningkat sebanyak 1 USD/ton, dengan asumsi ceteris paribus, maka akan menyebabkan peningkatan daya saing produk sebanyak 1.117 persen. Penelitian pendukung oleh [15] menjelaskan bahwa perubahan penawaran dan permintaan di satu pasar mempengaruhi situasi perdagangan negara tersebut. Konsumen cenderung membeli barang dari pasar yang penawaran harga yang lebih rendah dibandingkan membeli pada harga lebih tinggi pada pasar lain.…”

“…Harga ekspor cocoa butter Pantai Gading berpengaruh positif dengan nilai sebesar 0.681, dimana jika harga ekspor cocoa butter Pantai Gading meningkat sebanyak 1 USD/ton, dengan asumsi ceteris paribus, maka akan menyebabkan peningkatan daya saing cocoa butter Sumatera Utara ke Pasar Malaysia sebesar 0.681 persen. Hal ini sejalan dengan [15] yang menjelaskan bahwa perubahan penawaran dan permintaan di satu pasar mempengaruhi kondisi perdagangan negara tersebut. Konsumen cenderung membeli barang dari pasar yang penawaran harga yang lebih rendah.…”

“…Pengaruh negatif nilai tukar rupiah Indonesia terhadap Ringgit Malaysia ditunjukkan dengan nilai regresi sebesar -0.630, artinya jika terjadi apresiasi nilai tukar rupiah Indonesia terhadap Ringgit Malaysia sebesar satu persen ceteris paribus maka akan menurunkan daya saing cocoa butter sebesar 0.630 persen. Hal ini sejalan dengan [15] dimana terdapat pengaruh negatif variabel nilai tukar terhadap daya saing cocoa butter, artinya penguatan nilai tukar negara pengekspor menyebabkan penurunan ekspor dan akibatnya penurunan daya saing ekspor.…”