“…According to these evidence, secondary school students perform poorly. The low performance of students might be related to their misconceptions in oxides (Sesen & Tarhan, 2011), acids (Mulyani et al, 2023;Sesen & Tarhan, 2011;Tumay, 2016), bases (Mulyani et al, 2023;Sesen & Tarhan, 2011;Tumay, 2016), and salts (Secken, 2010;Tumay, 2016). Specially, Sesen and Tarhan's (2011) study revealed 54 misconceptions that were observed in some common terminologies such as 'acid and base theories', 'properties of metallic and nonmetallic oxides', 'acid and base strengths', 'neutralization reactions', 'pH and pOH', and 'acid and base indicators'.…”