Analysis of primary aromatic amines originated from azo dyes in commercial textile products in Japan

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to clarify the actual condition of 26 types of carcinogenic primary aromatic amines (PAAs) originated from azo dyes in commercial textile products in Japan. In the case of textiles made of various fibers of various colors, the fibers were separated by color and analyzed. A total of 86 textile products (117 samples) were analyzed. Twenty-one kinds of PAAs were detected in the samples and almost all the PAAs were detected at low concentrations. However, the concentrations of benzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, and 2,4-diaminotoluene (56-440 μg g⁻¹) in placemats made of cotton were found to exceed EU regulation limits of 30 μg g⁻¹. Although such placemats do not always come into contact with the user's skin, it is thought that they should be handled more carefully. Finally, 7 products (8 samples) contained PAAs at concentrations that exceeded the regulation limits. Two sample preparation methods (with and without solvent extraction) were performed on the same sample in order to compare the PAAs in samples in which it is difficult to separate the component materials, such as a cotton fabric that contained polyester fibers. In a comparison of the results obtained from the two methods, it was observed that the concentrations and/or kinds of PAAs detected in the samples were different. It was therefore thought that textile products that present this particular challenge should be analyzed by both methods.

Survey of Primary Aromatic Amines Originating from Azo Dyes in Commercial Textile Products in Direct Contact with Skin and in Commercial Leather Products in Japan

“…This observation can be attributed to the very low color fastness of the dye used in the samples. These tendencies were also observed in our previous study 12) and it was suggested that the azo dyes used for these products may have been direct dyes.…”

“…LODs obtained in this study were lower than those mandated by the EU (below 5 µg/g). Recovery tests were conducted in accordance with EN14362-1:2003 14) with minor modifications 12) . The recover y tests for 4-aminoazobenzene in leather samples was conducted in accordance with EN17234-2:2011 16) .…”

“…Sur veys of PAAs in consumer products in the EU have been performed and the present situation regarding PAAs is clear although only a few studies of PAAs in actual commercial products have been carried out in Japan. Therefore, we previously investigated the concentrations of PAAs in 86 commercial textile products (121 samples) in Japan in Jan-Mar 2009 12) . This previous study detected high concentrations of benzidine, 3,3＇-dimethoxybenzidine, and 2,4-diaminotoluene, exceeding the EU regulatory value in several cotton placemats manufactured in India.…”

Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota

“…A study about the mutagenicity of 1amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes also indicated that sulphonated 1-amino-2-naphthol at strategic sites inhibits the mutagenicity (111 Benzidine is known as carcinogen for the human urinary bladder (62). In Japan, a recent study found that the concentration of benzidine in placemats made of cotton exceeds the EU regulation limits (72). In the testing systems with mouse liver enzyme preparations, benzidine was mutagenic to S. Typhimurium strain TA98 and TA100 (75).…”

Simultaneous determination of seven nitrogen‐containing phenyl ethers in cosmetics by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and dispersive solid‐phase extraction

“…To date, there are a few reports for the analysis of nitrogen containing phenyl ethers by GC–MS , LC–MS/MS , HPLC and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy . For example, Lu Yang et al.…”