Analysis of metabolomic patterns in thoroughbreds before and after exercise

Abstract

ObjectiveEvaluation of exercise effects in racehorses is important in horseracing industry and animal health care. In this study, we compared metabolic patterns between before and after exercise to screen metabolic biomarkers for exercise effects in thoroughbreds.MethodsThe concentration of metabolites in muscle, plasma, and urine was measured by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and the relative metabolite levels in the three samples were compared between before and after exercise. Subsequently, multivariate data analysis based on the metabolic profiles was performed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable important plots and t-test was used for basic statistical analysis.ResultsFrom 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis, 35, 25, and 34 metabolites were detected in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Aspartate, betaine, choline, cysteine, ethanol, and threonine were increased over 2-fold in the muscle; propionate and trimethylamine were increased over 2-fold in the plasma; and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were increased over 2-fold whereas acetoacetate, arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, glutarate, hippurate, lysine, methionine, phenylacetylglycine, taurine, trigonelline, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were decreased below 0.5-fold in the urine. The OPLS-DA showed clear separation of the metabolic patterns before and after exercise in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Statistical analysis showed that after exercise, acetoacetate, arginine, glutamine, hippurate, phenylacetylglycine trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and trigonelline were significantly decreased and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were significantly increased in the urine (p<0.05).ConclusionIn conclusion, we analyzed integrated metabolic patterns in the muscle, plasma, and urine before and after exercise in racehorses. We found changed patterns of metabolites in the muscle, plasma, and urine of racehorses before and after exercise.

A Prospective Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Impact of Exercise and/or Whey Protein Supplementation on the Gut Microbiome of Sedentary Adults

“…PAG concentrations were similarly reduced in the exercise-only group, although the metabolite has previously been associated with lean body composition and has been found to be present in increased concentrations in athletes. It has also recently been shown to decrease in urine in thoroughbred racehorses following exercise ( 37 ).…”

Metabolomic Response of Equine Skeletal Muscle to Acute Fatiguing Exercise and Training

“…The horse is supremely muscular and athletic and is therefore highly dependent upon skeletal muscle metabolism for locomotion, racing performance, and overall health. To date, most studies in equine skeletal muscle have centered on a limited and targeted number of metabolites during acute exercise or training (Snow and Mackenzie, 1977;Snow et al, 1985;Harris et al, 1991;Jang et al, 2017). These observations have typically been related to energy production and utilization (e.g., lactate, pyruvate, creatine phosphate) and have been constrained to within minutes after the cessation of acute exercise (Schuback et al, 1999;McGowan et al, 2002).…”

“…With the arrival of "-omics" technologies, it is now possible to identify hundreds of metabolites in a biological sample that can serve to profile the metabolic response of skeletal muscle to acute exercise and training (Heaney et al, 2017;Liu and Locasale, 2017). Currently, the horse is one of the least-studied of the livestock animals with regard to metabolomics-based analyses (Goldansaz et al, 2017), especially in skeletal muscle (Jang et al, 2017). A better understanding of the exercise-induced metabolomic responses in skeletal muscle can (i) help to elucidate fitness-related metabolic signatures and the putative mechanisms that govern the beneficial adaptations of skeletal muscle to acute exercise and training, and (ii) provide much-needed information about the equine skeletal muscle metabolome, as very little data exists at this point in time.…”

Changes of Differential Urinary Metabolites after High-Intensive Training in Teenage Football Players

“…Achieving the desired state of fatigue after exercise is needed for scientific training. Additionally, among the commonly used methods of detecting exercise-induced fatigue, recent studies have used metabonomics to examine the metabolic characteristics of human exercise [2][3][4]. Metabolites can be produced at every level of an organism's cells, organelles, tissues, organs, body fluids, etc.…”