Changes of Differential Urinary Metabolites after High-Intensive Training in Teenage Football Players

Abstract

Objective. The mechanism underlying the fatigue of football players is closely related to the energy depletion and accumulation of metabolites; the present study tries to explore the metabolic mechanism in teenage football players during exercise-induced fatigue. Methods. 12 teenage football players were subjected to three groups of combined training by using a cycle ergometer, with the subjective Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) as a fatigue criterion. The following indicators were measured in each group after training: maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), anaerobic power, and average anaerobic power. Urine samples were collected before and after the training. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed for the metabonomics analysis of the samples. The metabolism data was analyzed by using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares analysis (OPLS-DA), through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database to confirm the potential differences between metabolites, and the MetPA database was used to analyze the related metabolic pathways. Results. There was no significant difference between the maximal oxygen uptakes among the three groups. Compared with group 1, the maximum and average anaerobic power in group 3 significantly decreased (p<0.05) at the end of training. GC-MS detected 635 metabolites in the urine samples. Through PCA, OPLS-DA analysis, and KEGG matching, 25 different metabolites (3↑22↓) that met the conditions were finally selected. These different metabolites belonged to 5 metabolic pathways: glycine-serine-threonine metabolism, citrate cycle, tyrosine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Conclusions. During the combined exercise of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, teenage football players show a significant decrease in anaerobic capacity after fatigue. The metabolic mechanism of exercise fatigue was related to disorders in amino acid and energy metabolism.

Astragali Radix–Codonopsis Radix–Jujubae Fructus water extracts ameliorate exercise‐induced fatigue in mice via modulating gut microbiota and its metabolites

“…It was reported that repeated exhaustive exercise induced fatigue could bring about oxidative damage to the mitochondrial membrane, 33 while glycerophospholipids could maintain the structure of mitochondrial membrane to restore function. In addition, acute high‐intensity exercise could change glycerophospholipid metabolism, which further affecting the function of the cell membrane 34 . It was observed that glycerophospholipid levels would be altered in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with fatigue 35 .…”

“…In addition, acute highintensity exercise could change glycerophospholipid metabolism, which further affecting the function of the cell membrane. 34 It was observed that glycerophospholipid levels would be altered in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with fatigue. 35 Glycerophospholipids, which consisted of the lipid bilayer, might play an important role to protect intestinal epithelium barrier from the destruction, thus to maintain the stable intestinal microecosystem.…”

Effect of Supplementation with Olive Leaf Extract Enriched with Oleuropein on the Metabolome and Redox Status of Athletes’ Blood and Urine—A Metabolomic Approach

“…The latter metabolite has strong antidepressant effects, and therefore, M17 is correlated with the euphoric effect of physical exercise and the therapeutic potential of the latter against depression [65]. Interestingly, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, a metabolite of M4, was shown to decrease during the intensive training of young athletes [66]. Estrone sulfate (M18) is the biotransformation product of estrone after its biotransformation by arylsulfatase.…”

A targeted metabolic analysis of football players and its association to player load: Comparison between women and men profiles

“…Focusing on football, short-term changes in the metabolic profiles of young male professional players' responses revealed a significant post-exercise increase in acylcarnitines involved in fatty acid oxidation, and slight increases in purine metabolites, especially hypoxanthine and xanthine (Alzharani et al, 2020). Another study analyzing metabolic mechanisms in male teenage football players during exercise-induced fatigue reported changes in five metabolic pathways (glycine-serinethreonine metabolism, citrate cycle, tyrosine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism) (Cao et al, 2020). The analysis of urine metabolic profiles and EPTS data from 80 professional football male players collected in an observational longitudinal study identified changes in steroid hormone metabolites, hypoxanthine metabolites, amino acids, intermediates in phenylalanine metabolism, tyrosine, tryptophan metabolites, and riboflavin associated with the external load indicating an alteration of biochemical pathways linked to the long-term adaptation to training (Quintas et al, 2020).…”