Analysis of heterogeneous gallstones using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF)

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging analytical technique with numerous advantages such as rapidity, multi-elemental analysis, no specific sample preparation requirements, non-destructiveness, and versatility. It has been proven to be a robust elemental analysis tool attracting interest because of being applied to a wide range of materials including biomaterials. In this paper, we have performed spectroscopic studies on gallstones which are heterogeneous in nature using LIBS and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) techniques. It has been observed that the presence and relative concentrations of trace elements in different kind of gallstones (cholesterol and pigment gallstones) can easily be determined using LIBS technique. From the experiments carried out on gallstones for trace elemental mapping and detection, it was found that LIBS is a robust tool for such biomedical applications. The stone samples studied in the present paper were classified using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. WD-XRF spectroscopy has been applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of major and trace elements present in the gallstone which was compared with the LIBS data. The results obtained in the present paper show interesting prospects for LIBS and WD-XRF to study cholelithiasis better.

Retrospective analysis of canine gallbladder contents in biliary sludge and gallbladder mucoceles

“…7 (C). These were characteristic IR spectra showing cholesterol [ 14 ]. It was suggested that these IR spectra were possible to have been affected by cholesterol because cholesterol was contained in the bile.…”

“…Additionally, few studies have reported on bacterial infection of the gallbladder in biliary sludge and gallbladder mucoceles [ 20 ]. Therefore, for the purpose of elucidating the pathophysiologies of the two diseases, this study aimed to perform component analysis of gallbladder contents in biliary sludge and gallbladder mucoceles by infrared (IR) spectroscopy [ 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 26 ], which is widely used for component analysis of gallstones and bladder stones, and to evaluate bacterial infection of the gallbladder.…”

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): a novel technology for identifying microbes causing infectious diseases

“…LIBS is a superb technology to investigate biological specimens listed above and has also proven its capability in forensic science (Miziolek et al 2006;Cremers and Radziemski, 2006;Pasquini et al 2007;Singh and Thakur, 2007;Gondal et al, 2016d, Almessiere et al, 2018. The most recent biomedical LIBS applications have been condensed in Table 1 (Sinescu et al 2008;Negrutiu et al 2008;Hamzaoui et al 2011;Singh et al 2008Singh et al , 2009aPathak et al 2011;Jaswal et al, 2016a, b;Anzano and Lasheras 2009;Yueh et al 2009;El-Hussein et al 2010;Wu et al 2008;Martin et al 2003Martin et al , 2005Melikechi et al 2008;Lee et al 2017;Samek et al 1999;Riberdy et al 2017). Figure 2 shows different LIBS applications to analyze different kinds of bacterial samples, plant samples, animal and human tissues, and skin samples to map of metal elements in tissues and to analyze bio minerals.…”

Variation of calcium, copper and iron levels in serum, bile and stone samples of patients having different types of gallstone: A comparative study

“…FTIR spectroscopy was carried out to confirm the classification of GS which we have made with the help of visual aid [10]. The type of stone, the main chemical constituent of each type and its corresponding absorbing IR bands obtained along with literature values [5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] are given in (Table 6). Representative infrared spectra of cholesterol, pigmented and mixed gallstones are shown in Figs.…”

“…2, are due to symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of eCH 3 and eCH 2 groups [5,15]. The broad and intense band at 3400/cm is assigned to the stretching vibration of eOH group present in the cholesterol [15,17] The bands appeared at 2933.9, 2867.9, 1465, 1375.4 and 1056.4 are the major and strong bands indicating the presence of cholesterol in the GS samples of cholesterol in origin [13,14]. In the FTIR spectrum of pigmented GS the absorbance bands in the region between 1700 and 1500/cm are due to the stretching vibration of C]C, CO, and CeN at 1571.7, 1627 and at 1664.3/cm due to bilirubin and bilirubinate salts [14,16].…”