Analysis of Equine Thoracic Fluid

Wagner, AE; Bennett, Dwight G.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-165x.1982.tb00813.x

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In cases of pleuritis this is an exudate with a high protein content (up to 7.8 g/lW ml) and white blood cell count (up to 350 x 10g/litre) in which neutrophils predominate (Smith 1977). Pleural fluids from horses with thoracic lymphosarcoma are modified transudates and generally have lower protein levels and a predominance of lymphoid cells, many of which are bizarre and have mitotic figures (Schalm 1981;Wagner and Bennett 1982). Other causes of pleural effusions in horses include mesothelioma (Kramer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicopathological features of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity in the horse

Mair

Lane

Lücke

1985

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary The clinical and post mortem features of 11 cases of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity are reviewed. The clinical findings included inappetence, weight loss, pectoral oedema, dyspnoea, pleural effusion and distension of the jugular veins. Dysphagia was present in three cases. At post mortem examination lesions were found in the abdomen as well as the chest in eight cases; clinical signs of abdominal disease were present in two cases. The features of nine other similar cases recorded in the literature are reviewed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicopathological features of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity in the horse

Mair

Lane

Lücke

1985

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Other authors, however, did not find any eosinophils in a series of 20 normal and 20 abnormal horses (Swanwick and Wilkinson 1976). In a cytology study of thoracic fluid recovered from 18 normal horses, only one had eosinophils, 0.064 x 109A (Wagner and Bennett 1982). Eosinophils are known to attach to nematodes and release several substances, one of which is major basic protein, a substance capable of damaging the nematodes' wall (Slausson and Cooper 1990).…”

Section: Eosinophilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytology of 100 samples of abdominal fluid from 100 horses with abdominal disease

Garma-Aviña

1998

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary A total of 100 samples of abdominal fluid (AF) from 100 horses with abdominal disease were evaluated by cytology. Cytology results were subsequently correlated with the final outcome of the disease. The horses were classified into 4 groups: Group I, horses that were treated with conventional (nonsurgical) therapy and recovered; Group II, horses that had surgery and survived; Group III, horses that had surgery but died; and Group IV, horses that were subjected to euthanasia prior to surgery. Statistical analysis showed that both nucleated cell count and total neutrophils were significantly higher in Group III than in Group I; and that the total mesothelial cells were significantly higher in Group III than in Groups I and II. No significant differences were found for erythrocyte counts and fluid total protein levels among the 4 groups. The findings suggest that classifying AF as transudate, modified transudate and exudate, as well as grading of inflammation as mild, moderate and severe on the basis of nucleated cell count (NCC) and fluid total protein (AFTP) can be greatly misleading. Differential identification of the nucleated cells was found to be far more reliable than the NCC alone, with or without the AFTP, and rendered valuable information, which overuled many times a diagnosis of transudate or modified transudate. Bands, metamyelocytes, toxic changes, plasma cells, and neutrophils penetrating rafts or fronds of mesothelial cells, supported a diagnosis of inflammation, even when the NCC, and the AFTP (interpreted according to currently accepted values) suggested otherwise. Several morphological features were found, including some cell types for which little or no mention was found at all in 22 major studies of this fluid in horses. Among these were ‘reddish neutrophils’, large granular lymphocytes (LGL), plasma cells, Mott cells, blasts, and a unique hitherto undescribed granular mesothelial cell.

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“…It normally contains 2 to 3 ml of fluid in dogs and cats, with low cell numbers (<500 cells/ μl) and protein content (<1.5 g/dl). Regarding horses, it has been reported that 2 to 8mL of thoracic fluid could be aspirated by 17 out of 18 clinically normal horses, however multiple attempts were made in order to obtain the fluid (Wagner and Bennett, 1982). Its production depends mainly on the colloid osmotic pressure and the hydrostatic pressure within the capillary and lymphatic beds which means that lymphatics gather the surplus left after fluid filtration by the capillaries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The laboratory diagnostic approach to thoracic and abdominal effusions in the dog, cat, and horse

Athanasiou

Spyropoulou

Meichner

2019

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Cases involving pleural and peritoneal effusions occur relatively frequently in clinical practice. Determining the underlying etiology in these cases relies mainly on fluid analysis. The technique used for obtaining the pleural or peritoneal fluid can impact greatly the results of the analysis. Most often used diagnostic tools include evaluation of gross appearance, Total Nucleated Cell Count / Total Protein (TNCC/TP) measurement, chemical/biochemical analysis (Lactate dehydrogenase and lactate, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, creatinine, pH, pO2, pCO2, and K measurements), cytology (identification of septic and non-septic inflammation and neoplasia), microbiology (Gram stain, culture, molecular techniques), and specific tests for certain clinical conditions and diseases. Classifying an effusion as transudate, modified transudate and exudate is traditionally based on the TNCC and TP values. New diagnostic methods encourage the clinician to approach the effusion etiologically instead of strictly following this traditional classification. Many of the diagnostic tests described in this review are simple and can be performed in-house, providing the clinician quickly with information about the cause of the effusion, essential for an effective treatment plan without wasting valuable time.

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Analysis of Equine Thoracic Fluid

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Clinicopathological features of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity in the horse

Clinicopathological features of lymphosarcoma involving the thoracic cavity in the horse

Cytology of 100 samples of abdominal fluid from 100 horses with abdominal disease

The laboratory diagnostic approach to thoracic and abdominal effusions in the dog, cat, and horse

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