Urinary cafculi are not uncommon in many domestic animals and man. Urethral calculi, however, occur infrequently in horses relative to other domestic species. Of 14 cases of urinary calculi in horses admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the past eight years, nine had cystic calculi, one had a ureteral calculus, and five had urethral calculi. One case had a cystic and a urethral calculus. The clinical findings, medical and surgical management, and postoperative results in five cases of urethral calculi are reviewed in this article.RINARY CALCULI in horses occur infrequently. Of U 25,250 equine patients treated over 25 years at one veterinary hospital, 17 horses had cystic calculi.' Another report documented five cases of equine urolithiasis in 1, OOO patients treated over a 15-year period. Two of these cases were geldings reported to have urethral calculi.2 The clinical signs in horses having urethral calculi have been mentioned, and the routine surgical approach to perineal urethrostomy has been recommended for retrieval of c a l c~l i .~-~ Five cases of urethral calculi in three geldings and two stallions are reviewed in this report. Four cases were managed by surgical removal of calculi via perineal urethrostomy. Clinical signs were frequently nonspecific, and there was a high incidence of bladder rupture and peritonitis. Case ReportsCase I An 8-year-old quarter horse gelding was referred because of urethral blockage. The horse would assume a urination stance and exhibit tenesmus. A small amount of blood was passed from the urethral orifice. A urinary catheter could not be passed beyond 30 cm from the orifice. The penis was prolapsed continually from the prepuce.Upon presentation, the horse was bright and alert but had a heart rate of 64. A firm mass was palpated in the penis approximately 30 cm from the urethral orifice. Rectal palpation revealed a taut and distended
Summary Echocardiography is a non‐invasive, safe means of assessing intracardiac structures and their motion. In the normal motion of the mitral valve there is anterior motion noted during atrial systole. In 3 horses with atrial fibrillation the mitral valve motion had no anterior motion to correspond with atrial contractions. Quinidine returned the electrocardiogram of one horse to a sinus rhythm after which echocardiography demonstrated the reappearance of the anterior motion of the mitral valve. Résumé L'échocardiographie est un moyen non vulnérant et non pénétrant de connaitre les structures intra‐cardiaques et les mouvements de ces structures. Dans le mouvement normal de la valvule mitrale, il y a un déplacement antétieur constaté durant la systole auriculaire. Chez trois chevaux atteints de fibrillation auriculaire, le mouvement antérieur de la valvule mitrale correspondant à la contraction auriculaire n'existe pas. La quinidine rètablit un tracé ECG normal avec rythme sinusal chez un cheval; on observe alors que l'échographie met en évidence le mouvement antérieur de la valvule mitrale. Zusammenfassung Echokardiographie ist eine nicht‐invasive, sichere Methode zur Beurteilung intracardialer Strukturen und ihrer Bewegung. Während der normalen Mitralklappenbewegung wird während der Vorhofssystole eine Bewegung nach vorn beobachtet. Bei drei Pferden mit Vorhofflimmern fiel diese Mitralbewegung aus. Chinidin vermochte das EKG eines Pferdes in einen Sinusrhythmus zurückzuführen, wonach die Echokardiographie das Wiedererscheinen der Bewegung der Mitralis nach vorn demonstrieren konnte.
Eighteen clinically normal horses were used to study the characteristics of normal thoracic fluid. Thoracic fluid was obtained from each horse and was found to be similar to equine abdominal fluid. Total leukocytes averaged 3994/ul, total protein 1.8 g/dl, and specific gravity 1.015. Analysis of thoracic fluid from 16 horses with clinical signs of thoracic disease showed abnormalities in every case. Thoracic fluid analysis alone determined a specific diagnosis in 50% of the cases.
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