Analysis of Deoxynivalenol and Its Derivatives (Batch and Single Kernel) Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Mirocha, C. J.; Kolaczkowski, Elaine; Xie, Weiping; Yu, Hao; Jeleń, Henryk H.

doi:10.1021/jf970857o

Cited by 209 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

125

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Mycotoxin analyses were conducted on wheat cultivar Norm. Wheat spikelets were excised 14 days after inoculation, weighed, extracted for trichothecenes in 1.5 ml acetonitrile͞water (84:16 vol/vol) by shaking in glass vials for 24 h, and analyzed as described by using GC͞MS (10). Strains were assigned to chemotype groups based on their major metabolite profiles (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium

Ward

Bielawski

Kistler

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

482

419

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Filamentous fungi within the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex) are the primary etiological agents of Fusarium head blight (scab) of wheat and barley. Scab is an economically devastating plant disease that greatly limits grain yield and quality. In addition, scabby grain is often contaminated with trichothecene mycotoxins that act as virulence factors on some hosts, and pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Strain-specific differences in trichothecene metabolite profiles (chemotypes) are not well correlated with the Fg complex phylogeny based on genealogical concordance at six single-copy nuclear genes. To examine the basis for this discord between species and toxin evolution, a 19-kb region of the trichothecene gene cluster was sequenced in 39 strains chosen to represent the global genetic diversity of species in the Fg complex and four related species of Fusarium. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that polymorphism within these virulence-associated genes is transspecific and appears to have been maintained by balancing selection acting on chemotype differences that originated in the ancestor of this important group of plant pathogens. Chemotype-specific differences in selective constraint and evidence of adaptive evolution within trichothecene genes are also reported.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium

Ward

Bielawski

Kistler

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

482

419

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Since the inoculated wheat did not produce any seed, entire heads were harvested. All samples were ground to a fine powder for toxin analysis according to the method described by Mirocha et al (1998) with modifications. Briefly, 1 g of wheat heads, 2 g of soybean pods or 3 g of soybean seeds were extracted with 10 ml, 16 ml and 16 ml of acetonitrile:water (84:16 v/v), respectively, in 50-ml centrifuge tubes for 1 h. An aliquot of 1 ml of the extract after column cleanup was placed into a ½ dram vial and evaporated to dryness under nitrogen.…”

Section: Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry (Gc/ms) Analysis Of Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soybean pod blight and root rot caused by lineages of the Fusarium graminearum and the production of mycotoxins

et al. 2004

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

. Soybean pod blight and root rot caused by lineages of the Fusarium graminearum and the production of mycotoxins. Fitopatologia Brasileira 29: 492-498. 2004. ABSTRACTQueima da vagem e podridão de raízes da soja causadas por linhagens de Fusarium graminearum e produção de micotoxinas Amostras de sementes de soja (Glycine max) produzidas no Sul do Brasil estavam infetadas com Fusarium graminearum. Para determinar se membros desse complexo de espécies eram patogênicos à soja, seis isolados do fungo, originados de sementes soja, foram adicionados ao solo numa densidade de 10 3 macroconídios/ml ou vagens foram inoculadas individualmente com 10 4 macroconídios/ml. Plântulas crescidas em solo infestado desenvolveram pequenas lesões necróticas na coroa e na parte superior das raízes. Vagens inoculadas com conídios desenvolveram lesões necróticas marrom-escuro grandes (> 1 cm). Vagens jovens inoculadas com o fungo secaram e caíram da planta. Isolados de F. graminearum recuperados das lesões das coroas, raízes e vagens das plantas de soja foram identificadas como pertencentes aos grupos de compatibilidade 1, 2 ou 8, através da análise da seqüência de DNA do gene EF1-alfa, quando comparados com as linhagens conhecidas. Dois isolados de F. graminearum dos Estados Unidos, pertencentes ao grupo de compatibilidade 7, causaram sintomas semelhantes em soja. Testes das micotoxinas produzidas em soja e trigo (Triticum aestivum) indicaram que a maioria dos isolados Brasileiros produz Nivalenol, como a principal toxina dos tricotecenos, ao invés de Deoxinivalenol. Em adição, os isolados dos grupos 2 e 8 produziram uma nova toxina, o 3,AcetilNivalenol. RESUMOSurveys of soybean (Glycine max) seed grown in South Brazil revealed infection with Fusarium graminearum. To determine if members of this complex were pathogenic to soybean, six strains derived from soybean were added to soil at a rate of 10 3 macroconidia/ ml or individual pods were inoculated with 10 4 macroconidia/ml. Seedlings grown in infested soil developed small necrotic lesions in the crown and upper roots. Pods inoculated with conidia developed large (>1 cm), dark brown, necrotic lesions. Younger pods inoculated with the fungus blighted and dropped from the plant. Strains of the F. graminearum complex recovered from lesions on the crown, roots and pods of soybean plants were identified as lineage 1, 2 or 8 by obtaining the DNA sequence from the EF1-alpha gene and comparing it to strains of the known lineage. Two strains of F. graminearum lineage 7 from the U.S. caused similar symptoms of the disease on soybean. Mycotoxin tests on soybean and wheat (Triticum aestivum) indicate that most Brazilian strains produce nivalenol as the major trichothecene mycotoxin rather than deoxynivalenol. In addition, strains from lineages 2 and 8 produce the novel trichothecene, 3-acetylnivalenol.

show abstract

“…Samples were analyzed for mycotoxin following Mirocha (1998) with some modifications. Samples were separated into two categories; those weighing <2 g (set 1) and those weighing ≥2-5 g (set 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type I host resistance and Trichothecene Accumulation in <i>Fusarium</i>-infected Wheat Heads

Gautam

Dill‐Macky

2011

American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Problem statement:The objective of this study was to examine the influence of the type I host resistance and pathogen variation with respect to mycotoxin and aggressiveness, on infection, FHB disease development and mycotoxin accumulation in planta. Approach: Greenhouse experiments were conducted utilizing a spray inoculation method. Five single isolates of F. graminearum were tested. Three wheat cultivars were used; Alsen (moderately resistant), 2375 (moderately susceptible) and Wheaton (susceptible). At anthesis spikes were spray inoculated to run off with inoculum at the concentration of 10,000 conidia ml -1 . Inoculated whole spikes were sampled at different growth stages up to soft dough. Kernels of sampled spikes were dissected from the spike and analyzed for mycotoxins. Results: The highest FHB severity and mycotoxin accumulation was observed in the susceptible cultivar Wheaton. Though deoxynivalenol (DON) did not peak and decline in all experiments, when a peak in the DON content was present it was earlier in 2375 (early milk) than in either Alsen (early dough) or Wheaton (late milk). Though the isolates did not rank similarly in all experiments and in all cultivars, generally isolates Butte86Ada-11 and B63A were more aggressive and isolates 49-3 and B45A were less aggressive in terms of disease severity and mycotoxins accumulation. The levels of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and nivalenol were less than 4.5, 0.8 and 0.3% to that of DON in a given sample. Conclusion: DON levels appear to provide a more precise measure of mycotoxin contamination of grain. The use of mixtures of isolates, representative of the local population, in resistance screening appears advisable in order to avoid the misinterpretation of a cultivar's resistance with the use of single isolate. Screening of cultivars likely requires both greenhouse and the field testing.

show abstract

Analysis of Deoxynivalenol and Its Derivatives (Batch and Single Kernel) Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 209 publications

References 7 publications

Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium

Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium

Soybean pod blight and root rot caused by lineages of the Fusarium graminearum and the production of mycotoxins

Type I host resistance and Trichothecene Accumulation in <i>Fusarium</i>-infected Wheat Heads

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About