Analysis of Blackout of National Grid System of Pakistan in 2006 and the Application of PSS and FACTS Controllers as Remedial Measures

Frequency Event Detection and Mitigation in Power Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

“…This blackout caused a loss of 6350 MW in both countries and affected almost 4 million people [64]*. On September 24, 2006, the national grid of Pakistan faced one of its worse blackouts [65]*. Before the occurrence of the disturbance, the system was operating normally, but close to stability limits with one 500 kV transmission line out of service for maintenance.…”

“…A crosstrip scheme was triggered as a result of this tripping, which isolated the north region with excessive generation and left the rest of the system with voltage collapse. Consequently, the system faced a major blackout after cascading under-voltage/under-frequency tripping in the generationdeficit area and over-voltage/over-frequency tripping in the generation-excess area, which affected almost 75% of the country [65]*. Table 4 summarizes major cascading events and major blackouts that occurred globally from 2011 to 2018 [15]*.…”

Enhanced wavelet-based method for modal identification from power system ringdowns

“…Notwithstanding, by analyzing the convolution operation in (1) in light of the mother wavelet function in (2), it should be pointed out that, although the CWT is focused at a given time and represents the signal content in that vicinity, the window extends equally into the past and future [28]. The span of this analysis window depends on both the mother wavelet function and scale being analyzed, near the ends of the signal.…”

“…Examples of small signal stability problems associated to poorly damped inter-area oscillations (with frequencies typically in the range of 0.2 to 0.8 Hz) are documented in several papers for different case histories including instances that have occurred in recent years in the Mexican power system [1], and the Pakistani power system [2].…”

Analysis of Voltage Stability in Electric Power System with UPFC

“…Voltage instability is a well known phenomenon described in Refs. [1][2][3] and reports [4][5][6][7][8], but less theoretically explained in cases that in the EPS operates a FACTS device (Flexible AC transmission system), such as a static VAr compensator (SVC), a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), a controllable series compensation (CSC), a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), a serial-parallel device -unified power-flow controller (UPFC) or others. Ref.…”