Frequency Event Detection and Mitigation in Power Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Modern power systems characterized by complex topologies require accurate situational awareness to maintain an adequate level of reliability. Since they are large and spread over wide geographical areas, it is inevitable that failures will occur. Various generation and transmission disturbances, such as generator and transmission line tripping and load disconnection, give rise to a mismatch between generation and demand, which manifest as frequency events. These events can take the form of negligible frequency deviations or more severe emergencies that can precipitate cascading outages, depending on the severity of the disturbance and efficacy of remedial action schema. The impacts of such events have become more critical recently due to increased levels of renewable penetration and distributed energy resources, which have caused a decline in system synchronous inertia. Due to the repercussions, it is indispensable to arrest such disturbances on time by activating primary frequency control measures. In this paper, a comprehensive systematic literature review is presented on the techniques used for event detection in power systems and the methods of primary frequency response in modern power systems. The paper also highlights the impacts of severe frequency events within power systems.

Decentralized Demand Side Participation in Primary Frequency Control: Assessing the Impact of Response Rates

“…Further work includes [22], which proposes the use of controlled domestic heat pumps to provide frequency support, or [23], where a combination of refrigerators and Flywheel Energy Storage Systems is used and includes an estimation of the economic benefit. It has to be noted that, unlike synchronous generators, which inherently respond to frequency deviations, demand side response requires the frequency to be actively measured and, therefore, current knowledge about the system behavior, modeling and control strategies have to be revised [24].…”

Classification of Rethinking Hyperspectral Images using 2D and 3D CNN with Channel and Spatial Attention: A Review

“…200 training samples are required for semi-supervised 3D-GANs as well, although their classification performance is substantially lower. [49]. Revised spectral and spatial features in HSIs were used as the fundamental building blocks to develop an end-to-end CNN-based framework for HSI classification.…”

A Simple and Accurate Energy-Detector-Based Transient Waveform Detection for Smart Grids: Real-World Field Data Performance

“…Various time-frequency algorithms are applied to detect and identify the power grid anomalies under different categories and classifications [6]. However, one of the most prominent ways of approaching the methods present in the literature is to check whether the methods proposed include frequency domain tools and/or joint transform domain analysis.…”