Analysis of antibiotic-induced drug resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and its biofilm formation mechanism

Abstract

This research was to explore the antibiotic-induced drug resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and its biofilm formation mechanism. Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disk method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was used to test the drug sensitivity of Salmonella enteritidis to 16 kinds of antibiotics including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, chloramphenicols, and tetracyclines. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the carrying of drug resistance genes of 29 kinds of antibiotics including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, chloramphenicols, and tetracyclines of Salmonella enteritidis. The expressions of esp, ebpA, ge1E, and fsrB genes in biofilm group and plankton group were detected when Salmonella was induced, and the difference of gene expression before and after induction was detected by FQ-PCR. The drug resistance rates of Salmonella enteritidis to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, streptomyces, and cefoperazone were high, which were 94.5%, 75%, 67%, and 52%, respectively. 94 strains of Salmonella enteritidis formed 22 kinds of drug resistance spectrum, the strains were generally resistant to 4-5 antibiotics, and some strains formed fixed drug resistance spectrum as follows: AMP-CFP-STR-NA-TE (22.6,21.7%), AMP-STR-NA-TE (17,16%), and AMP-CFP-STR-NA (11.1,10.6%). During biofilm formation, fsr can increase the expression of ge1E and decrease the expression of esp and ebpA. In summary, Salmonella enteritidis was generally resistant to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, and streptomycin, and the multidrug resistance was severe. The drug resistance genes sul2, sul3, blaTEM-1-like, tet(A), and tet(G) were highly carried in Salmonella enteritidis. In addition, esp, ebpA, ge1E, and fsrB genes were closely related to the biofilm formation of Salmonella enteritidis.

Comprehensive profiling of serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Salmonella isolates from food animals in China, 2015–2021

“…These previous results are consistent with our findings, showed that antimicrobial resistance may correlate with biofilm formation. Biofilm formation will enhance resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants, enhance the ability of Salmonella to survive in animals and the environment, leading to big harm to animals ( Dai et al, 2021 ). This study underlined the ability of Salmonella to contaminate food possibly attributed by their biofilm producing capability.…”

The Resistance and Virulence Characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis Strain Isolated from Patients with Food Poisoning Based on the Whole-Genome Sequencing and Quantitative Proteomic Analysis

“…Enteritidis was resistant to nalidixic acid (94.5%), ampicillin (75%), streptomycin (67%), cefoperazone (52%), and sensitive to cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin. 5 Cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin are the first-line drugs for treating Salmonella infections, with azithromycin as an adjuvant treatment. However, as the sensitivity of Salmonella to cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin gradually decreases, strains that are resistant to both cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin have emerged.…”

Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical cases in Shiyan, China

“…is a naturally occurring phenomenon, which can be exacerbated by selection pressures stemming from the overuse of antibiotics in medical and livestock breeding practices [ 35 ]. In our study, the top five most frequently observed resistant antimicrobials were tetracycline (49.1%), ampicillin (48.2%), streptomycin (35.1%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (30.7%), and nalidixic acid (28.1%), all of which are commonly used in clinical treatments [ 36 ]. Moreover, historically, tetracycline and streptomycin have been widely employed as growth promoters in animal husbandry [ 37 , 38 ].…”