Analysis of 3D deuterium ion emission angular distribution in plasma focus device using novel panorama polycarbonate detectors

Discovery of Third Possible Ion Generating Source in 4π Plasma Focus Device Space

“…OSITs with high density were formed in particular on MS-PCIDs placed at 4.5 and 7.5 cm from the anode. In similar studies with deuterium ions (Soltani et al 2019), intense OSITs were observed on ICSs formed on MS-PCIDs placed on the PFD wall at 13 cm from the anode, as shown in Fig. 1.…”

“…A dense plasma focus device (PFD) emits high-energy ions generally believed to be emitted from the anode top within a small solid angle around the z axis, for which generation mechanisms are yet to be understood, although different theories and models have been advanced (Sadowski et al 1988; Antanasijević et al 2003; Soto 2005; Lee and Saw 2013). Recently, in a chain of emission studies of ions such as hydrogen, deuterium, and helium in a Mather-type 3.5 kJ PFD (Sohrabi et al 2016; Sohrabi 2017, 2018; Sohrabi and Zarinshad 2020; Soltani et al 2019; Sohrabi et al 2020a and b; Sohrabi and Soltani 2021), it was hypothesized and discovered that ions in PFD space are emitted in near 4π geometry from the “anode top” as intense “point ion source” and from “anode cathodes assembly” (ACA) as a “line ion source” with radial run-away ions, based on which the “Two-sources Ion Emission Model” was proposed (Sohrabi et al 2016; Sohrabi et al 2020a). These sources are strong enough to be used for different applications in 4π PFD space such as those used for expulsion for developing “Ionology Art for Art Ionology Methods” (Sohrabi and Zarinshad 2020).…”

“…The formation of ICSs is due to the fact that each cathode well shadows ions bombarding it by the “anode top” and the “anode cathodes assembly,” preventing them from reaching MS-PCID placed at a distance behind cathodes (Sohrabi et al 2016; Sohrabi 2017, 2018; Sohrabi et al 2020a and b; Soltani et al 2019); thus, no ions are expected to bombard the detector on the shadow site. However, it was discovered unexpectedly that ion tracks at high densities have been formed on each shadow easily observed by unaided eyes and photographed, called “On Shadow Ion Tracks” (OSIT).…”

“…OSITs have been formed in most of our detailed studies, some of which were presented. It seems that ions forming the OSITs are generated in addition to what generated from the “anode top” and “anode cathodes assembly” (Sohrabi et al 2016; Sohrabi 2017, 2018; Sohrabi and Zarinshad 2020; Soltani et al 2019; Sohrabi et al 2020a and b; Sohrabi and Soltani 2021). This understanding of formation of OSITs on ICSs is still at the infancy stage and requires further experimental and theoretical investigations for confirmation of this third ion source or finding other less probable mechanisms.…”

Study of the plasma pinch and ion beam properties versus the nitrogen gas pressure using the Lee model code

“…While the number of ions increases with the increase in gas pressure and the highest value of energy density falls within the range (10 12 -10 14 W.m -2 ). Saw et al [11] established the measurement laws for the properties of the beam of deuterium ions from the plasma fist, where it was found that the number of deuterium ions falls within the range (12×10 14 -40×10 14 ) ions for each kJ and that the beam energy constitutes (1-5%) of the operating energy of the incinerator plasma device, and the energy density is within the range (3×10 13 -57×10 13 W.m -2 ). Akel et al [12] carried out numerical experiments using a Lee code to calculate the properties of the ion beams emitted by several plasma focus devices when using deuterium gas.…”